徐氏闻人
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">响应徐睿、天奎等宗亲的建议,准备编辑徐氏网络文学</SPAN></FONT></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">-------------------<SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">徐氏闻人</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P> 建议此贴置顶并高亮显示,跟帖 发表 讨论与主题相关内容,灌水的不要发,宗亲发表徐氏闻人作品的同时,并留下联系方式和自我简介 以方便联系。也望宗亲们相互转告 好,谢谢支持。
例文 徐达传
<FONT color=darkred><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 22.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐达字天德。汉族,生于公元</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1332</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年,卒于公元</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1385</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年。濠州钟离</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今安徽凤阳东北</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">人。出身农家,少有大志。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">元至正十三年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(1353)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,徐达参加农民起义军郭子兴部,隶朱元璋。从取滁州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今属安徽</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、和州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今和县</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等地,智勇兼备,战功卓著,位于诸将之上。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 投奔朱元璋后,徐达不仅作战勇敢,而且时时以王霸之略进,协助朱元璋收编了定远的几支地主武装,攻占滁、和等地,被朱元璋授为镇抚,“位诸宿将上”。此时,朱元璋只不过是郭子兴手下的一名首领,“诸将多太祖等夷,莫肯为下”,而徐达与汤和等人则“奉约束甚谨”,帮助他逐步树立威信。不久,郭子兴与另一首领孙德崖发生冲突,拘捕了孙德崖,而孙之部众则扣留了朱元璋。徐达挺身而出,到孙德崖军中去做人质,换回朱元璋。直到郭子兴释放孙德崖后,他才被放出来。朱元璋因此对他非常感激,也更加信任。郭子兴病逝后,朱元璋执掌全军大权,挥师南渡长江,攻占采石、太平,谋攻集庆(今江苏南京),徐达“与常遇春皆冠军,而达独参与进止”,成为朱元璋最倚重的一员战将。此后,他统兵“廓江汉,清淮楚”,击灭陈友谅势力,升任总兵官、大将军;又“电扫西浙”,攻占平江(今江苏苏州),消灭张士诚势力;后受命为征虏大将军,率师北伐,“席卷中原”,克复大都(今北京),“声威所震,直达塞外”,完成了推翻元朝、统一北方的重任。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐达从小没有机会上学读书,但却有着强烈的求知欲望。每逢带兵出征,常“延礼儒士,说古兵法”,因此熟知古代兵法。他还善于通过战争锻炼自己的军事才干,具有驾驭整个战争发展变化的能力和高超的指挥艺术,不仅作战勇敢,而且“尤长于谋略”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">十七年,率军克常州,分兵取常熟、江阴等地,阻止江浙周政权首领张士诚军西进。次年,留守应天</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今南京</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,升奉国上将军、同知枢密院事。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 二十年五月,长江中游汉政权首领陈友谅兵攻池州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今安徽贵池</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,徐达与中翼大元帅常遇春在九华山下设伏,俘斩陈军万余。又从朱元璋设伏应天城下</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">大败陈友谅军</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">俘</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">7000</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">余人。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 二十一年,从取江州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今江西九江</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,率师先行,迫陈友谅退兵武昌</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">并追至汉阳,升中书右丞。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 二十三年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">从援安丰</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今安徽寿县</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,败张士诚部将吕珍,移师围庐州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今合肥</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,旋从援洪都</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今南昌</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。在鄱阳湖之战中,冲锋陷阵,败陈友谅军前锋,杀</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1500</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">人,士气大振。二十四年,任左相国。复引兵克庐州,继挥师克江陵</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今属湖北荆沙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、辰州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今湖南沅陵</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等地,平定陈友谅余部。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">二十五年,率师东向,遵朱元璋先克淮东、再占浙西、后破平江</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今江苏苏州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">之方略,进攻张士诚</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">克泰州。次年克高邮、淮安、兴化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今均属江苏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等地,悉平淮东。同年八月,以大将军率舟师</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">20</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">万,由太湖进围湖州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今属浙江</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,数败张士诚军,迫守将李伯升、张天骐以城降。十一月,转兵北上,合围平江,并申明军纪,禁掠民财。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 二十七年九月,率将士破城,俘张士诚。师还,封信国公。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">十月,徐达奉命以征虏大将军与副将军常遇春率师</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">25</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">万,北伐元军,连战皆捷,迫元济南守将朵儿只降,占领山东全境。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">明洪武元年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(1368)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">三月,进军河南,以计收降元将左君弼、竹昌,取汴梁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河南开封</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。继在塔儿湾</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在今偃师境</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">大败元兵</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">万,迫元梁王阿鲁温以城降,河南平。旋分兵克潼关,西取华州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今陕西华县</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。五月,趁朱元璋抵汴梁督战,奏请乘势直捣元都。闰七月,移师北上,连克卫辉</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今属河南</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、磁州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河北磁县</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。会诸军于临清</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今属山东</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">),</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">沿运河北进,大败元军于河西务</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河北武清西北</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,进破通州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今北京通县</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,迫元顺帝北走。八月初二,督军克大都</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今北京</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">),</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">推翻元朝。乘胜克真定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河北正定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、怀庆</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> (</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今山西沁阳</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等地。时闻元将扩廓帖木儿自太原引兵出雁门将攻北平</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今北京</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,遂与诸将商议,运用批亢捣虚战术,乘其不备直捣太原,迫扩廓回军救援。旋选精兵夜袭其营,迫扩廓率</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">18</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">骑遁,俘降</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">万人,克太原,占山西。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 洪武四年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1371</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),徐达赴北平等地练兵,筑城,备边,总领北方军事。元残余势力经过几年休养生息,国力又渐恢复,不断出兵南犯。五年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1372</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">)徐达奉命兵出雁门关,进军漠北。徐达遣都督蓝玉为先锋,击败元兵于土剌河(今蒙古国境内),后因轻敌冒进,遭元军伏击,大败,死伤逾万,被迫退到燕山以南。六年,徐达复率诸将北伐,败元军于答剌海(今内蒙达来诺尔湖)。还军后,戍守永平一带。十一年,领兵在古北口筑关设防,使其成为拱卫北平的重要屏障。十四年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1831</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),“发燕山等卫屯兵万五千一百人修永平、界岭等三十二关”。“创建山海关,内设山海卫,领十千户所,属北平都指挥使司”。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐达一生骁勇有谋,善治军,战绩及筑边功勋永远彪炳史册。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 洪武元年九月,平滦府归明。四年三月,改平滦府为永平府。因频经兵燹,永平府境内人口稀少。四年,徐达在北平操练兵马。三月上奏皇帝制可,命都指挥使潘敬等迁徙“山后(指燕山和军都山以北)六州”沿边之民入北平州县屯戍,计户万七千二百七十四,口九万三千八百七十八。六月,又“徙北平山后之民三万五千八百户,一十九万七千二十七人,散处卫所。籍为军者给以粮,籍为民者给田以耕”。这就是明代第一次大移民,多安置在永平一带州县。移民们来到燕山以南的平原旷野,需要高山险隘或边墙做屏障,才能避免蒙古骑兵的骚扰。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 洪武六年十二月,盘踞在东北的蒙古兵进犯燕山以南的抚宁县,大肆剽掠,明迁抚宁县城到洋河西(今名旧县)。蒙古兵犯瑞州(今辽宁绥中前卫镇),明撤消瑞州治,将瑞州百姓迁到滦州。这样,永平府东部的广阔地区没有关隘,便于蒙古兵长驱直入。因之,在辽西走廊西端驻扎重兵是形势使然。那时,角山以南至海有回族骑兵营寨。山海关清真寺建于洪武十三年,就是驻扎回族骑兵所建。民间有“先有清真寺,后有山海关”的说法,即源于此。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 辽西走廊面海倚山,自古以来就是从中原到东北的交通要道。本来,辽西走廊西端是有军事要塞的,那就是隋唐时期的渝关。“枞金伐鼓下渝关,旌旗逶迤碣石间”描绘的就是渝关附近的战争画面。渝关即今山海关西古城村。五代梁贞明三年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">917</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),契丹攻陷渝关,为了向中原进军方便,就毁关夷险,还将这一带划入契丹根据地中京道管辖,设迁州(今山海关),润州(今海港区海阳镇),从东方迁来渤海国遗民。在中京道与南京道搭界的榆河(今戴河)畔,新设了榆关驿(今抚宁榆关镇)。它既是马驿,又是稽查行旅,收过境货税的关,但有关无隘没有军事价值。后来,金、元两代统治者都是进军中原的民族,无需在辽西走廊西端设险。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">洪武十三年十一月,元平章(辅佐丞相处理军政大事的高官)完者不花与乃儿不花率数千蒙古兵“入桃林口,寇永平,掠民资畜”。明指挥刘广战死。千户王辂分兵在迁民镇(即辽迁州、金元降为镇)、界岭口设下埋伏,堵截蒙古兵的归路。明军又从燕河营出兵夹击。元兵退走,到迁民镇,进入明军的埋伏圈,平章完者不花被俘,乃儿不花逃遁。这次大捷,引起大将军徐达对迁民镇战略地位的重视。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 迁民镇在隋唐渝关东八里,“其地大山北峙,巨海南浸,高岭东环,石河西绕,形势险要诚天造地设”。于是,洪武十四年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1381</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">)春正月辛亥(二十五日)大将军徐达“发燕山等卫屯兵万五千一百人,修永平、界岭等三十二关。……九月甲申(初三,公历</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">9</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">21</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">日),置山海卫”,卫城定名山海关。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 山海关城,“高四丈一尺,周千五百二十八丈,凡八里百三十七步。月城二,水关三居东西南三隅。四门楼,东曰镇东,西曰迎恩,南曰望洋、北曰威远,楼各重键,竖橹,圜铺舍二十有六。池千六百八十余丈,广二丈,深二丈三尺。”它森严壁垒,雄踞在辽西走廊西端,成为中原至东北的咽喉要塞。在山海关城南偏西八里辟潮河港(今马头庄南),便海运,保证军需民食。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 山海卫辖十千户所,南到海,北到寺儿峪,接一片石关(今九门口)。“以西若喜峰,若古北,大关小隘无虑数百,葺垒筑塞,既壮且固,所以屏蔽东北,卫安军民,厥功甚伟”。筑关后,明初一百多年,蒙古兵不敢窥边墙东段,永平府百姓得以享太平。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 正统十四年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1449</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),北方瓦剌族也先大举犯边。八月,明英宗朱祁镇在宦官王振的挟持下,率兵五十万出居庸关“御驾亲征”。在土木堡(今河北怀来东)兵败,英宗被俘北去,史称“土木之变”。也先大军兵临北京城下,人心惶惶。有人主张把沿边军队全部撤回保卫京城,有人主张迁都南京。高级官员的眷属和富商纷纷逃走,北京城在风雨飘摇之中。幸亏英宗的弟弟朱祁钰是一位英明的亲王,在于谦等拥戴下登上宝座,严拒也先的勒索。兵部尚书于谦大败瓦剌军于北京城下,也先退到长城以北。景泰皇帝任用于谦等爱国大臣刷新政治,整顿军队,全国呈现新兴气象。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 景泰五年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1454</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),左都御史李宾奉命巡防蓟镇长城东段。山海卫绅民萧汝得等合同要求为徐达建祠庙。云:“中山武宁王镇此城池,关隘皆其创建,边陲宁谧,殆将百余年矣。愿立庙祀以报王。”经上奏,景泰帝批准敕建中山王祠(即显功庙)于山海关北街山海卫治以西(在今居民前胡同西、已毁)。钦降祝词:“惟王开国辅运,为时元勋,缮治边疆,万世允赖。军民怀仰,祠祀以陈。神其鉴兹,荫祐无斁。”庙前建中山武宁王坊。大学士商辂作《显功庙记》。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">其文云:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">中山武宁王,早以雄才大略,首从太祖高皇帝举义,平定天下,混一海宇。已而率师漠北,收其余民。比还,留镇于燕,慎固封守。为长治久安计,以平滦、渝关土地旷衍,无险可据,去东八十里得古迁安(民)镇。其地大山北峙,巨海南浸,高岭东环,石河西绕,形势险要,诚天造地设,遂筑城移关,置卫守之,更名曰“山海关”,内外截然,隐然一重镇也。自山海以西,若喜峰、若古北,大关小隘无虑数百,葺垒筑塞,既壮且固,所以屏蔽东北,卫安军民,厥功甚伟。景泰甲戌(五年,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1454</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),今左都御史李宾奉命巡抚,卫人萧汝得等合词告言:昔中山武宁王镇此,城池关隘皆其创建,边陲宁谧,殆将百余年矣,愿立庙祀以报王功。为请诸朝,许之。属岁屡歉,事未克就。成化辛卯(七年,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1471</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),李进握院章,追维前诏,因谋诸总戎,募义敛材,卜日蒇事。乃即山海卫治之西,建王正殿三间,翼以两庑,树以重门,缭以周垣。兴造伊始,适巡抚左佥都御史张纲下车,锐意倡率。时镇守太监龚荣、总兵右都督冯宗及参将刘辅、李铭,悉以俸赀来助,用底完美,实癸巳(九年,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1473</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">)春三月也。纲告成于上,赐额“显功”,仍降祝词,命有司春秋致祭,岁以为常。山海军民,闻命欢呼,踊跃称快,有以见王之功德及于人者深且远矣。李以事之始末属守关兵部主事尚綗述状,征予以记。谨按祭法有云:能捍大患则祀之。若王之设险守国,使百年之间,敌国莫能窥其隙,室家得以奠其居,其功不亦大乎?祠而祀之,岂不宜哉!虽然王为开国元勋,当时,南取吴越,北定中原,东平齐鲁、西入关陕,王之功居多,独山海之人思慕之深者,盖王镇抚燕蓟十有余年,丰功盛烈,非他处比,庙祀聿严有以也。夫王姓徐氏,讳达,凤阳人,累官太傅、中书右丞相,进爵魏国公,追封中山王,谥武宁。其履历备载国史,兹不重著。惟述立庙之意,俾刻之坚珉,庶来者有考焉,谨记。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">明嘉靖年间山海关兵部分司主事陈绾写的《显功庙》诗,它歌颂了徐达筑山海关建山海卫的丰功伟绩。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=center><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">太傅提兵出塞还,更因渝塞起渝关。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=center><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">石驱到海南城堞,垒筑连云北倚山。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=center><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">辽水至今来靺鞨,蓟门终古镇窴颜。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=center><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">岁时伏腊犹祠庙,麟阁勋名孰与班?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐达是明代开国元勋,转战全国,为什么“独山海关之人思慕之深者”?商辂《显功庙记》说得好:“若王之设险守国,使百年之间敌国莫能窥其隙,室家得奠其居,其功不亦大乎?盖王镇抚燕蓟十有余年,丰功威烈非他处比,庙祀聿严有以也。”因之,山海关士绅百姓感恩戴德,岁时祭祀。山海关的战略地位太重要了。雄关天险,拱卫明代京师近三百年,明清易代也是从这里揭开了序幕。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> “筑关设卫”的徐达在历史上是不朽的!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐治军严明,不仅要求部下听从号令指挥,“令出不二”,而且严禁他们骚扰百姓,“有违令扰民,必戮以徇”。他还注意优待俘虏,以分化瓦解敌人。凡是俘获敌军将士和间谍密探,他都“结以恩义,俾为己用”。所以他带兵出征,特别是在率军北伐过程中,经常出现“大军勘定者犹少,先声归命者更多”的局面。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 作为一名杰出的将领,徐达不仅具有优异的军事才能,而且具有许多优秀的品德。他严于律己,能与士卒同甘共苦。在元末群雄并争之时,许多人一旦为将握兵,即“多取子女玉帛,非礼纵横”,过起穷奢极欲的生活。但徐达不贪女色,不图货利,攻占平江及大都之后,“封姑苏之府库,置胡宫之美人财货无所取,妇女无所爱”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐达平时在南京家住一所低湿狭小的房子,朱元璋几次想给他换一所较好的房子,他都推辞了,说:“天下未定,上方宵衣旰食,臣敢以家为计?”出征之时,遇到军粮不足,士卒吃不饱饭,他不饮不食,不进营帐休息。士卒生病负伤,他前去探视慰问,给予医药治疗。“士无不感恩效死,以故所向克捷”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐达“以智勇之资,负柱石之任”,为明王朝的开创立下了盖世之功。明朝建立后,被朱元璋授为太傅、中书右丞相,后封魏国公,并以其长女为燕王妃,次女为代王妃,三女为安王妃。尽管劳苦功高、地位显赫,但徐达依然谦虚处世,从不居功自傲。每次“功成而还,拜上印绶,待命于家,略无几微矜伐之色”。尤其难能可贵的是,徐达能摆脱乡土观念的羁绊,不和同乡拉帮结派,没有卷进淮西集团的是非之争。淮西集团的骨干胡惟庸见徐达功劳大,威信高,“欲结好于达”,他根本不加理睬。胡惟庸又“赂达阍者福寿使图达”,福寿向徐达告发,徐达便不时提醒朱元璋:胡惟庸这种人不适合当丞相。后来,胡惟庸因谋反被杀,朱元璋想起徐达的话,“益重达”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">洪武十八年二月,徐达病逝,享年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">54</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">岁。朱元璋追封他为中山王,赐谥““武宁”,赐葬于南京钟山之阴,并亲为之撰写神道碑,赞扬他“忠志无疵,昭明乎日月”。后复命“配享太庙,塑像祭于功臣庙,位皆第一”。明太祖朱元璋为他写了徐达神道碑。碑文云:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">“朕惟帝王之有天下,必有名世之臣秉忠贞,纷威武以辅佐成一代王业,是以生有显号,殁有赠典,子孙世有爵禄,与国同休于无穷焉。今开国辅运推城宣力武臣、特进光禄大夫、左柱国、太傅、魏国公、参军国事徐达,以智勇之姿,负柱石之任。曩因元季之乱,挺身归朕。朕实资尔智略,寄尔心腹,以统百万之师。攻无不克,战无不胜。栉风沐雨,功爵苦辛。迨朕正位大宝,论功行赏,是用爵尔上公,赐以重禄,仍总戎于朔方,纤尘不掠。信乎,为我朝之元勋也。方期天赐遐龄,以享非常之报。孰知将星一殒,而尔躬逝矣。慨念今昔,朕岂能忘?虽然死生人道之常,今尔功在宗社,名垂竹帛,光照前人,赏延后世,可以无憾矣。追封之典,可不举乎?特追封中山王,谥武宁,赠三世皆王爵,妣皆封王夫人。”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐达有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">子</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">女。徐达死后,长子徐辉祖继承爵位,受封魏国公。幼子徐增寿在明成祖朱棣起兵南下时给他通风报信,死在建文帝的剑下,后被明成祖追封为定国公。一门二公,有明一代只有徐达一家。徐达的三个女儿都嫁给了朱元璋的儿子,长女嫁于燕王朱棣,次女嫁于代王朱桂,三女嫁于安王朱楹。燕王朱棣夺权称帝后,徐妃被册立为皇后,徐家之恩隆更是非同一般。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐达有孙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">9</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">人,其中四子徐增寿的儿子徐茂先,娶朱元璋第五子周王朱橚的长女兰阳郡主为妻。大概与周王的封地在开封有关,徐茂先在开封修建了富丽堂皇的府第,人称“徐府”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐家三世皆为王爵,徐府自然十分豪华。据资料记载,当年的徐府金丁朱户,大门两旁挂着“春王正朔颁千载,开国元勋第一家”的对联,门楣上悬着“大功坊”的匾额,气度非凡。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">明太祖朱元璋为开国元勋徐达撰联。“破虏平蛮,功贯古今人第一;出将入相,才兼文武世无双。”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
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[ 本帖最后由 徐天奎 于 2009-9-29 11:27 编辑 ]
徐公明传
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 22.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(?-227)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">字</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/255797.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>公明</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/115340.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>河东</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">杨县</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/6204.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>山西</SPAN></SPAN></A><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/140294.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>洪洞县</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">东南</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">人。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2328.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>三国</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">时期</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/50143.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>曹魏</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">名将,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1719.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>曹操</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">部下</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“<A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/430768.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>五子良将</SPAN></SPAN></A>”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">之一。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 原为军阀</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/147007.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>杨奉</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">的部下任</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/393738.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>骑都尉</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。公元</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">196</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年,曹操击败杨奉后投靠曹操。参加过多次重大作战,智勇双全,战功卓著,治军有方。曹操曾称赞徐晃:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐将军可谓有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/16503.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>周亚夫</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">之风矣。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(《三国志魏书徐晃传》)。在曹操军中历任</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1009963.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>裨将军</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/393742.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>偏将军</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、横野将军、平寇将军。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/21261.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>官渡之战</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">中烧毁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/15761.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>袁绍</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">的后勤粮草有功,加封都亭侯。曹丕称帝登基后官拜右将军,封逯乡侯,后进封杨侯。击败刘备于上庸后,驻守阳平关,改封阳平侯,假节钺,食邑</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3000</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。徐晃对曹氏集团忠心耿耿,曾说过:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">古人患不遭明君,今幸遇之,当以功自效,何用私誉为!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。公元</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">227</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年病死,死后谥壮侯。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃早年在郡里作小吏,因随杨奉镇压</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/33325.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>黄巾起义</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">有功,被拜为骑都尉。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">192</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年】</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/21784.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>王允</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/3973.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>吕布</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">谋杀了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2664.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>董卓</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,董卓部将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/115750.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>李傕</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、郭汜等人攻破长安城,又杀王允等人。徐晃说杨奉护送</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/19780.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>汉献帝</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">东入洛阳,杨奉接受了这个建议。汉献帝渡河至安邑时,封赏保驾有功人员,徐晃被封为都亭侯。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">196</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年】</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">汉献帝回到了洛阳,杨奉被拜为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/393574.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>车骑将军</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,驻兵大梁。徐晃见</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/315096.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>韩暹</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/700280.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>董承</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">之间争斗日益加剧,就劝杨奉归附曹操,杨奉决定听从徐晃的建议。第二年,曹操保护着汉献帝要迁都许昌的时候,杨奉在韩暹的挑拨下又改变了主意,跟韩暹一起出兵去劫驾,在梁地被曹军杀得大败,徐晃则投奔了曹操。曹操分兵给徐晃,派其攻打卷、原武两地,获胜,被拜为裨将军;随曹操攻吕布,降吕布将领</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2010899.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>赵庶</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、李邹等;后又与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/131912.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>史涣</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在河内斩杀</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/369303.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>眭固</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 2.25pt 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 4"><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">200</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年】</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃随曹操击败了徐州的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/6213.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>刘备</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,又随曹操击败</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/26647.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>颜良</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,攻克白马,进至延津,在此击杀文丑,被拜为偏将军。徐晃与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/45503.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>曹洪</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">攻打祝臂,获胜。曹操又派徐晃和史涣带着几千骑兵共同攻打</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/231168.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>韩猛</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,在故市截烧其辎重。此战徐晃功劳最大,被封为都亭侯。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 2.25pt 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 4"><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">204</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年】</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">曹操围攻邺城,又攻破了邯郸。易阳令韩范诈降而自守,曹操派徐晃前去攻打,徐晃兵临城下,给韩范写了封信,用箭射入城中,陈明利害,劝韩范投降。韩范被说服后改变主张,决定以全城投降。徐晃劝告曹操说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">如今袁谭、袁尚还没有被击败,没有攻下的城池都等待消息,如果今日灭了易阳,明日那些城池都会死命防守,河北就没有平定的那一天了。请求您招降易阳来给各城看,那样他们都会望风归顺。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">曹操采纳了他的意见,于是很快地翦除邺城羽翼,攻克邺城,夺得翼州。随后徐晃又攻毛城,设伏兵大败袁军,攻破三屯。之后,徐晃又随曹操征讨袁谭以及平原叛贼,均大获全胜。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">207</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年】</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃随曹操北征</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/36634.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>乌桓</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,大败敌军,被为拜横野将军。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">208</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年】</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃随曹操南征,别屯樊城,攻中庐、临沮、宜城,又与满宠在汉津征讨</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2275.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>关羽</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。后曹操在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/22710.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>赤壁之战</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">中为孙刘联军所败,曹操留徐晃与曹仁共守江陵,抵抗吴将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2409.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>周瑜</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">的进攻。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">210</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年】</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃随夏侯渊去太原平叛,攻克大陵,斩其首领</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/975229.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>商曜</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">211</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年】</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">马超、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/64894.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>韩遂</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在关右地区叛乱,曹操命徐晃屯守汾阴,以镇抚河东。曹操到达潼关后,担心无法顺利渡过黄河,于是问计于徐晃。徐晃说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">您已带大兵到此,而敌人不再分兵守卫蒲阪,可知他们缺乏谋略。请给我一支精兵,渡过蒲坂津,作为大军的先导,截断敌人的后路,就可抓住他们了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">曹操同意此举,派徐晃率四千精兵从蒲坂津乘虚渡过黄河,阵地尚未建成,敌人梁兴夜间率步骑五千余人攻徐晃,徐晃将其击走,曹军从此渡河,最终大破关中军。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">215</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年】</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">曹操派徐晃与夏侯渊平隃麋、汧诸氐,和曹操会师于安定。曹操还邺后,又派徐晃与夏侯渊平鄜、夏阳余贼,斩杀</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/115770.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>梁兴</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,降三千余户。同年七月,徐晃随曹操征讨张鲁,派徐晃讨伐椟、仇夷和山氐,皆归降。因功升为平寇将军。此战中,徐晃解将军张顺之围,击陈福等三十余屯,皆破之。同月,曹操回邺,任夏侯渊为都护将军,督徐晃、张郃驻守阳平关。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">218</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年】</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">刘备进攻汉中。同年四月,蜀军进至阳平关,夏侯渊、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/18325.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>张郃</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、徐晃等率军阻击。刘备派部将陈式等十余营袭击马鸣阁,企图切断曹军后方通道,被徐晃击败,蜀军自投山谷,死者甚多。曹操闻后,大喜,给了徐晃指挥军队的符节,并下令说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">此阁道是汉中的险要咽喉。刘备欲断绝西南与内地的联系,以取汉中,将军一举打乱了敌人的计划,真是太好了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">后来,夏侯渊阵亡,曹操亲到汉中,撤出了剩余的部队。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">219</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年】</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">曹操派徐晃协助曹仁征讨关羽,驻于宛县。正赶上汉水暴涨,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/52089.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>于禁</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等全军覆没。关羽围曹仁于樊城,又在襄阳包围了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/541232.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>吕常</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等几支部队。当时徐晃所部多为新兵,难以与关羽争锋,于是进至阳陵坡驻扎。曹操又派将军</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1771727.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>徐商</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/800828.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>吕建</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等到徐晃那里,传令:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">要等到兵马集结后,一起前进。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">当时关羽前部屯偃城,徐晃佯筑长堑,示以将切断蜀军后路。蜀军惧被围,烧营撤走,徐晃军进据偃城,两面连营,渐向围城蜀军逼近,徐晃军营距关羽所围仅三丈。曹操又先后派</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2411791.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>殷署</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2392496.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>朱盖</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等十二营兵进至偃城,悉归徐晃指挥。关羽军主力屯围头,另屯有四冢。徐晃以声东击西战术,扬言欲攻围头,却出其不意突袭四冢。关羽恐四冢有失,自率步骑五千出战,被徐晃击败。徐晃趁胜追击,冲入蜀军围内,蜀军大败,很多自投沔水而死。关羽遂撤围退走,樊城围解。曹操下令说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">敌人围堑鹿角十重,将军致战全胜,遂陷贼围,多斩首虏。我用兵三十余年,以及所听说过的古代善于用兵的人,没有能够这样长驱直入敌围的。况且樊、襄阳之围,胜过以前的莒、即墨之围,所以将军之功,胜过孙武、穰苴。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃凯旋至摩陂,曹操亲自出营七里迎接徐晃,并设宴庆贺,慰劳徐晃。曹操举杯对徐晃说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">保全樊、襄阳,都是将军你的功劳。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃治军严谨,令行禁止,当时诸军云集于摩陂,曹操案行诸营,不少士兵出阵围观,唯有徐晃部下军营整齐,将士驻阵不动。曹操叹到:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐将军可谓有周亚夫之风啊!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">220</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年】</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">曹操去世,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/5199.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>曹丕</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">即魏王位,封徐晃为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/397851.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>右将军</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,进封逮乡侯。同年,曹丕称帝,又进封徐晃为杨侯,与征南将军</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/134695.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>夏侯尚</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在上庸攻打蜀将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/63414.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>刘封</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,攻破其军。因徐晃镇守阳平关,故改封为阳平侯。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">226</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年】</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">曹丕去世,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/42568.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>曹睿</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">继位。吴国乘机派左将军</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/231833.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>诸葛瑾</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等攻襄阳,徐晃与司马懿击败诸葛瑾。徐晃因功增食邑</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">200</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">户,前后共计</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3100</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">户。后徐晃得病,魏明帝亲自派人为他找寻药方。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">227</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年】</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃去世,谥曰壮侯,儿子徐盖继嗣。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐晃</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(?—227)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,字公明,河东杨县</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今山西洪洞县东南</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">人,三国时期魏国名将,与张辽、乐进、于禁、张郃并称曹操手下五子良将。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐晃年轻时曾做河东郡小吏,因随车骑将军杨奉镇压黄巾起义军蓝本部有功,被升为骑都尉。初平三年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(192</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,王允杀董卓。董卓部将李榷、郭汜等人又杀王允和朝官,并屠长安城。徐晃说服杨奉护送汉献帝东入洛阳。汉献帝渡河至安邑时</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今山西夏县北</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,封赏保驾有功人员,徐晃封为都亭侯。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 22.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">建安元年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(196</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,汉献帝在河南太守张杨、兴义将军杨奉等残余朝官的保护之下,回到了洛阳。杨奉被拜为车骑将军,驻兵大梁。徐晃见大将军兼</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/57597.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>司隶校尉</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">韩暹和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/57446.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>卫将军</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">董承之间争斗日益加剧,就劝杨奉归附曹操,杨奉决定听从徐晃的建议。建安二年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(197</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,曹操保护着汉献帝要迁都许昌的时候,杨奉在韩暹的挑拨下又改变了归附曹操的主意,而是跟韩暹一起出兵去劫驾。杨奉在梁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今开封</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">被曹军杀得大败。徐晃则趁机投奔了曹操。从此,他便成为曹操的一名忠实战将,跟随曹操转战南北,为曹魏的建立了功勋。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 曹操分兵给徐晃,派其攻打卷、原武两地,破之,被拜为裨将军。又随曹操攻吕布,降吕布将领赵庶、李邹等。后与史涣在河内斩杀眭固。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 建安五年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(200</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,在官渡之战中,徐晃随曹操击败了投靠边袁绍的刘备,又随曹操击败颜良,攻克白马</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河南滑县东北,参见白马之战</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,进至延津</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河南延津北</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,在此击败文丑,被拜为偏将军。后与曹洪击</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">氵隐</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">人祝臂,破之。九月,曹操出兵与袁绍作战,不胜而还,坚壁自守。时袁绍数千车粮草至官渡。谋士荀攸对曹操说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">绍运车旦暮至,其将韩猛锐而轻敌,击可破也</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。曹操问:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">谁可使?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">荀攸说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃可</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">《三国志</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">魏书</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">荀攸传》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。曹操于是派徐晃和史涣带着几千骑兵共同攻打韩猛,在故市</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今郑州西北</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">截烧其辎重。此战,徐晃功劳最大,被封为都亭侯。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 建安九年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(204</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">二月,曹操利用袁绍死后</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/157252.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>袁谭</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/157237.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>袁尚</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">争立后嗣的矛盾,发兵北上攻打冀州。曹操先攻邺城</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河北临漳西南</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">未下。四月,便留曹洪等人继续围邺,自己带兵攻打毛城,断邺城粮道。攻下毛城后,曹军又攻破了邯郸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河北邯郸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,至此,两大战略要点均被曹军攻下。易阳</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河北永年东南四十五里</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">令韩范诈降而自守,曹操派徐晃前去攻打,徐晃兵临城下,给韩范写了封信,用箭射入城中,陈明利害,劝韩范投降。韩范被说服后改变主张,决定以全城投降。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐晃更懂得把政治斗争与军事个争结合起来,曹操在与袁绍的斗争过程中,由于双方交战时间较长,仇恨较深,所以曹操每攻占袁绍占据的地方,往往有屠城之举。徐晃认为,这样只能更加激起袁绍势力的反抗,阻碍曹操的统一。所以当他易阳后,就留劝告曹操队</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">二袁未破,诸城未下者倾耳而听,今日灭易阳,明日皆以死守,恐河北无定时也。愿公降易阳以示诸诚,则莫不望风</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">《三国志</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">魏书</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃传》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。曹操采纳他的意见,封韩范为关内侯。接着,又收降了涉县</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河北涉县西北</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">长梁岐,同样赐爵关内侯。曹操能够很快翦除邺城羽翼,攻克邺城,夺得翼州,和他听取了徐晃的这一建议是分不开的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 旋即徐晃又攻毛城</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河北涉县东南</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,设伏兵大败袁军,破三屯。之后,随曹操在南皮</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河北南皮</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">大破袁谭,袁谭被曹军所杀。徐晃又平定平原叛贼。建安十二年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(207</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,徐晃随曹操北征乌桓,在白狼山之战中,大败敌军,蹋顿及名王以下</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">余人被杀,曹操最终讨平乌桓,彻底铲除袁氏残余。徐晃被为拜横野将军。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 建安十三年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(208</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">七月,曹操在基本统一北方后</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">参见曹操统一北方战争</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,亲统大军</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">余万南征荆州,欲吞并江南、统一天下。徐晃随曹操出征,攻中庐、临沮、宜城地,又与满宠在汉津征讨关羽。后曹操在赤壁之战中为孙刘联军所败,曹操留徐晃与征南将军曹仁共守江陵,折冲将军乐进守襄阳,引军北还。同年,徐晃还与曹仁在江陵共同抗击吴将周瑜的进攻。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 建安十五年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(210</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,徐晃随夏侯渊去太原平叛,攻克大陵,斩其首领商曜,并屠太原城。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 建安十六年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(211</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,以马超、韩遂为首的十部联军,聚集</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">余万人马,据守潼关抗曹</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">参见渭南之战</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。曹操发兵进取关中,徐晃奉命屯守汾阴,以镇抚河东。曹操至潼关后,遇到关中马超阻击,不得前进。曹操问计于徐晃,徐晃说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">公盛兵于此,而贼不复别守蒲阪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今山西永济县西蒲州镇</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,知其无谋也。今假臣精兵蒲渡坂津</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">即蒲阪西的黄河渡口</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,为军先置,以截其里,贼可擒也</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">《三国志</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">魏书</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃传》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。曹操至同意此举,并派徐晃、朱灵率</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4000</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">精兵从蒲坂津</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今山西永济、陕西大荔朝邑之间黄河渡口</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">乘虚渡过黄河。阵地尚未建成,贼人梁兴夜间率步骑五千余人攻徐晃,徐晃将其击走,随即建立了桥头阵地。闰八月,曹军从此渡河。九月,曹操又采纳谋士贾诩的计谋,离间马超和韩遂,最终大破关中军,斩成宜、李堪等。马超、韩遂逃往凉州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今甘肃及宁夏回族自治区等地</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 建安十七年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(212</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,曹操派徐晃与夏侯渊平隃麋,和曹操会师于安定。曹操还邺后,又派徐晃与夏侯渊平鄜</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今陕西省延安地区</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、夏阳余贼,斩杀梁兴,降三千余户。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 建安二十年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(215</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">七月,徐晃随曹操征讨张鲁,徐晃因功升为平寇将军。不久,解将军张顺之围,击陈福等三十余屯,皆破之。同月,曹操回邺,任夏侯渊为都护将军,率徐晃与张郃驻守阳平关</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今陕西勉县西</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,以拒刘备,自己返回邺城。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 建安二十三年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(218</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,刘备进攻汉中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">治南郑,今陕西汉中,参见汉中之战</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。四月,蜀军进至阳平关。夏侯渊、张郃、徐晃等率军阻击。刘备派部将陈式等十余营袭击马鸣阁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今四川广元北</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,企图切断曹军后方通道,被徐晃击败,蜀军自投山谷,死者甚多。曹操闻后,甚喜,给了徐晃指挥军队的符节,并下令说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">此阁道,汉中之险要咽喉也。刘备欲断绝外内,以取汉中。将军一举,克夺贼计,善之善者也</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">《三国志</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">魏书</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃传》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 建安二十四年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(219</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">六月,刘备继取汉中后,派孟达、刘封攻占汉中郡东部的房陵、上庸等地,势力有所扩展。七月,孙权欲攻合肥,魏军大部调动淮南防备吴军。镇守荆州的蜀前将军关羽,抓住战机,留南郡</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">治江陵,今湖北江陵</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">太守</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/80864.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>糜芳</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">守江陵,将军</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/183015.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>傅士仁</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">守公安</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今湖北公安西北</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,自率主力北攻荆襄</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">魏荆州治新野,今河南新野;襄阳郡治襄阳,今湖北襄樊,参见樊城之战</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 22.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">时魏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/393543.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>征南将军</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">曹仁驻樊城</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今湖北襄樊</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,将军吕常驻襄阳,右将军于禁及立义将军庞德屯樊城北。徐晃</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">时为平寇将军</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">屯宛</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河南南阳市</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,为为襄、樊之后备军。八月,大雨,汉水暴涨,于禁七军均被水淹,在关羽水军猛攻下,于禁被迫投降,庞德力战被俘杀。关羽乘胜围攻樊城,并以一部兵力包围襄阳。此际,魏荆州刺史胡修、南乡</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">治南乡,今河南淅川东南</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">太守傅方,均降于关羽,陆浑</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河南嵩县东北</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">人孙狼等,亦杀官起兵,响应关羽。关羽声势一时</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">威震华夏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">《三国志</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">魏书</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">关羽传》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。曹操感到威胁,一度准备迁都,的被丞相司马司马懿及曹椽蒋济力谏而止。时徐晃所部多为新兵,难以与关羽争锋。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 后曹操采纳了司马懿利用矛盾破坏孙、刘联盟,以坐收渔翁之利的策略,派使者去见孙权。同时指令徐晃率军援救曹仁。徐晃进至阳陵陂</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">樊城北</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,曹操派将军徐商、吕建传令:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">须兵马集至,乃俱前</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">即必须待后续援军会齐后方可进击</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)”(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">《三国志</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">魏书</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃传》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。时关羽前部屯偃城</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">樊城北约五里</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,徐晃佯筑长堑,示以将切断蜀军后路。蜀军惧被围,烧营撤走,徐晃军进据偃城,两面连营,渐向围城蜀军逼近,徐晃军营距关羽所围仅三丈,作地道及箭飞书与仁,消息数通。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 时曹操使者返回洛阳,带来孙权密信,说即派兵西上袭击关羽,但请保密,以防关羽得知有备。曹操采纳董昭意见,故意泄漏信中内容。曹操令徐晃用箭将孙权密信内容,分别射入樊城及关羽营中。被围魏军得信后,士气倍增,防守更坚;关羽得信后,则进退两难。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 此时,曹操为了解救樊城、襄阳,已率主力由洛阳进抵摩陂</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今河南郏县东南</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,并已先后派殷署、朱盖等</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">12</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">营兵进至偃城,悉归徐晃指挥。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 关羽军主力屯围头,一部屯四冢。徐晃以声东击西战术,扬言欲攻围头,却出其不意突袭四冢。关羽恐四冢有失,自率步骑</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5000</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">出战,被徐晃击败,当其退走营寨时,徐晃率军穷追不舍,紧随其后冲入营内。当时关羽营寨,外围深壕及鹿角十重,障碍设施极为严密,若从营外强攻极为困难。现乘其军陷于混乱之机,由内突袭,一举大破之,杀降蜀之胡修、傅方。关羽遂撤围退走,樊城围解。不久,东吴大都督吕蒙偷袭江陵</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">参见江陵之战</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,关羽被俘杀。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 此战,对于巩固曹操的南部疆土,稳定后方都超了重大作用,不仅挫败关羽的强大攻势,更重要的是破坏孙、刘联盟,改变了当时的战略格局,使曹操掌握了战略主动权。樊城、襄阳城危之时,曹操将名将张辽和诸将皆调回,以援曹仁,然张辽等未至,徐晃已解二城,其功可比张辽合肥之役</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">参见合肥之战</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">矣。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 曹操在一篇令中说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">贼围堑鹿角十重,将军致战全胜,遂陷贼围,多斩首虏。吾用兵三十余年,及所闻古之善用兵者,未有长驱径入敌围者也。且樊、襄阳之在围,过于莒、即墨,将军之功,逾孙武、穰苴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">《三国志</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">魏书</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃传》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐晃凯旋摩陂之时,曹操亲自出营七里迎接徐晃,并设宴庆贺,慰劳徐晃。曹操举卮</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">古代一种盛酒器。圆形。容量四升</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">对徐晃说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">全樊、襄阳,将军之功也</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">《三国志</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">魏书</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃传》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐晃治军严谨,令行禁止。时诸军云集于摩陂,曹操案行诸营,不少士兵出阵围观,唯有徐晃部下</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">军营整齐,将士驻阵不动</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">《三国志</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">魏书</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃传》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。曹操叹曰</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐将军可谓有周亚夫之风矣</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">《三国志</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">魏书</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐晃传》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/628297.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>黄初</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">元年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(220</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,曹操去世,曹丕即魏王位,封徐晃为右将军,进封逮乡侯。十月曹丕称帝,史称魏文帝,又进封徐晃为杨侯,与征南将军夏侯尚在上庸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">湖北竹山西南</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">攻打蜀将刘封,破其军,刘封逃回成都后,被刘备赐死。因徐晃镇守阳平关,迁封为阳平侯。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 后孙权派部将陈邵守襄阳,徐晃与曹仁共击陈邵,攻克了襄阳。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 黄初三年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(222</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">九月,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/329746.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>魏文帝</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">不顾大臣</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/20755.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>刘晔</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等劝阻,率军首征东吴。魏文帝命</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1170426.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>征东大将军</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">曹休、前将军张辽、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1156451.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>镇东将军</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">臧霸出洞口,大将军曹仁出濡须,上军大将军曹真、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1170429.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>征南大将军</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">夏侯尚、左将军张郃、右将军徐晃围南郡。吴建威将军</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/98984.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>吕范</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">督五军,以舟军拒</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/45590.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>曹休</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等,左将军诸葛瑾、平北将军</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/71685.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>潘璋</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、将军</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/593847.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>杨粲</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">救南郡,裨将军</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/98994.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>朱桓</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">以濡须督拒曹仁。但由于时机尚未成熟,准备仓促,曹丕首次征吴终以失败而告终。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 黄初七年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(226</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">五月,魏文帝去世,吴国乘机派左将军诸葛瑾等攻襄阳,徐晃与司马懿击败诸葛瑾。徐晃因功增食邑二百,前后共计三千一百户。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 太和元年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(227</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,去世,谥曰壮侯,子徐盖嗣。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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[ 本帖最后由 徐天奎 于 2009-9-29 01:01 编辑 ]
徐世绩传
<P> 徐世绩,字懋功,亦作茂公。因唐高祖李渊赐姓李,故名李世绩。后因避唐太宗李世民讳,遂改为单名绩。曹州离狐(今山东东明一带)人,后被封为英国公,是凌烟阁二十四功臣之一。在唐朝甚至在中国的历史上,徐世绩都可以说是一位极富有传奇色彩的人物。他出将入相,位列三公,极尽人间荣华。历事唐高祖、唐太宗、唐高宗(李治)三朝,深得朝廷信任和重任,被朝廷倚之为长城。年青时家本豪富,隋末徙居滑州。史称其“家多僮仆,积栗数千钟”,与其父徐盖都是乐善好施之人,拯救贫乏,不问亲疏。隋炀帝大业末年,徐世绩才十七岁,见天下大乱,就近参加了翟让的军队。他劝说翟让:“附近是您与我的家乡,乡里乡亲,不宜侵扰,宋、郑两州地近御河,商旅众多,去那里劫掠官私钱物非常方便。”翟让称善,于是在运河上劫取公私财物无算。有钱就不缺人,不久兵众大振。隋朝遣名将张须陀讨伐,翟让吓得要跑,徐世绩止之,与隋军两万多人交战,竟于阵中斩张须陀,大败官军。<BR> 当时,蒲山公李密参与杨玄感反叛,兵败逃亡。徐世绩与浚仪人王伯当知道李密天下英雄,一同劝说翟让奉李密为主,以收买人心,扩大影响。<BR> 隋朝令王世充讨伐李密,李世绩多次拒战,以奇计在洛水两岸几次大败王世充,李密因此封他为东海郡公。当时河南、山东大水,饥民遍地,隋朝赈给不周,每天饿死数万人。徐世绩向李密进言:“天下大乱,本是为饥。如果我们攻陷黎阳国仓,大事可成矣”李密听计,派徐世绩带五千人自愿武渡黄河掩袭黎阳仓隋朝守军,当日攻克,开仓招民众随便领粮,十天之间,就招募到兵士二十多万人。一年多后,宇文化及江都弑隋炀帝,越王杨侗即位于东京洛阳,赦免李密诸人,封魏国公,拜太尉。隋廷又授徐世绩右武侯大将军,命他们一同讨伐宇文化及。徐世绩守黎阳仓城,宇文化及率军四面攻城,形式危急,徐世绩从城中向往挖地道,忽然现身城外,大败宇文化及,解围而去。<BR> 讲徐世绩,不得不交待李密。李密为人,身先士卒,躬服俭素,号令严整,每战所得金宝都赐予手下将士,因此非常受人爱戴。在与隋军的交战过程中,威信日隆,号为魏公,他让祖君彦所作的《讨隋炀帝檄文》千古流传,辞采壮烈。后来李密与翟让之间产生矛盾,两人手下都劝他们先下手为强,其间原委,皆是由争权夺利而起,不是简单的“地主阶级阴谋家杀害农民起义军领神”那么简单,而且翟让为人简单粗暴,其兄翟宽与属下又数次侮辱李密手下兵士,逐渐结怨。李密最后在众人劝说下决定除去翟让,趁宴请机会斩杀翟氏兄弟。由于徐世绩当时是翟让属下,也被乱兵刀砍剑劈,遭受重创,李密见到后马上制止士兵的杀戮,徐世绩免于一死。翟让另外的大将单雄信等人叩首求命,李密都释而不杀。李密后来又多次打败隋军,最盛时有众三十余万,各地割据的首领都派使请他为称帝,连李渊也不得不上书推戴,肉麻地称“天生蒸民,必有司牧,当今为牧,非子而谁?老夫年余知命,愿不及此,欣戴大弟,攀鳞附翼……”屡战屡胜之际,李密军士有粮而无饷银,军士渐怨,几次反败于王世充。其间李密手下有人谋叛王世充,李密本想将计就计,趁王世充半渡洛水时出兵一举击灭。岂料天意弄人,王世充发军时,李密的侦察兵都没有发觉,等整军将战时,王世充军队已经全军渡河上岸。李密见大势已去,不得不率小股人马逃遁。本来李密想去黎阳徐世绩处,有人劝他:“杀翟让之时,徐世绩被乱兵砍伤差点死掉,他能不记仇吗?现在投奔他,靠得住吗?”最后,不得已之下,李密与王伯当投靠李渊。<BR> 当时徐世绩全统李密旧境,东至于大海,南至于长江,西至汝州,东至魏郡,一时间未有所属。不过徐世绩是真义士,他对长史郭孝恪说:“魏公(李密)已归大唐,如果我自己上表向唐主献地,是自邀功劳而彰主公败绩,还是把土地人口军人数目造册,总启魏公,让魏公自献。于是派使臣上表。唐高祖李渊听说徐世绩有使人来忙召见,一见只有给李密的信,很感奇怪。使人详细道明原委,高祖大喜,认为徐世绩“感德推功,实纯臣也,马上下诏封徐世绩黎阳总管、莱国公,不久又加右武侯大将军,赐姓李氏,并封其父李盖为王,为李盖固辞,于是封为舒国公。下诏遣徐世绩部统河南、山东之兵以拒王世充。<BR> 李密归唐后,从前在信中对自己亲热过份的“老哥”李渊相待甚薄,只拜光禄卿的散官。不久,唐朝听说李密降于王世充的旧将纷纷离心,就派李密前往黎阳招降旧部。心怀怨望的李密行至洮阳(今广西全州、资源县地),高祖李渊又派人召还他,疑惧之下,李密决定反唐。王伯当一直劝他不要反唐,但见李密意决,就横下心,说:“义士之立世,不以存亡易心。我一直受您厚恩,期待以性命相投。您不听我劝告,我肯定会和您一道起事,生死以之,但是恐怕结果也不会好啊。”隋唐之际,英雄辈出,男儿义气相应,很是感人。唐将史万宝、盛彦师早有准备,伏兵山谷,横击李密及王伯当等人,众人皆被杀。李密时年才三十七岁。虽然《旧唐书》称他“狂哉李密,始乱终逆”,但字里行间也不得不佩服此人的倜傥奇才和爱人下士的仁德大度。<BR> 徐世绩听说李密被诛,上表请唐朝容许他收葬故主,唐庭诏许。徐世绩服重孝,与从前僚属旧臣将士隆重地把李密安葬于黎山之南,坟高七仞,以君礼葬之,朝野闻讯都赞叹他的忠义。<BR> 不久,窦建德军擒斩弑隋炀帝的宇文化及,乘胜又大败徐世绩,并以其父徐盖为人质,令徐世绩仍守黎阳。转年,徐世绩趁机又归唐,有人劝窦建德杀掉徐盖,可建德也是位磊落大夫,表示说“徐世绩忠臣,各为其主”,派人送徐盖归唐。后来就一帆风顺。徐世绩协同李世民连平王世充、窦建德、刘黑闼、徐圆朗、辅公袥等人,功勋赫赫。其间,还有一个插曲可述。单雄信投王世充后,极受宠遇,也很卖命。李世民攻洛阳时,有一次与单雄信相遇,雄信号为“飞将”,艺高胆大,援枪直刺李世民,好几次差点追及把这位秦王捅落马下。(有史记载徐世绩当时在旁,对单雄信这位老哥们说“此秦王也”,“雄信惶惧遂退”,这肯定是小说家语,绝不可信,以单雄信性格,他肯定会枪挑李世民向王世充报功。王世充投降后,李世民把与唐军苦战的十几名大将列入处决名单,徐世绩泣请,以自己家财爵位换这位老哥们一命,由于先前差点被单雄信杀掉,李世民坚执不允。徐世绩无奈,与单雄信诀于大狱。单雄信埋怨他,“我固知汝不办事”。徐世绩大哭,用刀从腿上割下一块肉给单雄信吃掉,说“本来想随仁兄一起死,但谁来照顾你的家人呢。此肉随兄入地下,以表我拳拳真情。”单雄信死后,徐世绩如家人般照顾他的妻子儿女,确是千古义气的典范。<BR> 贞观十五年,拜徐世绩为兵部尚书,还未赴京上任,薛延陀部又侵扰李思摩部。徐世绩获唐廷委任为朔州行军总管,率轻骑三千追薛延陀于青山,大败敌师,斩名王一人,俘五万多人。(薛延陀部为匈奴别种,为铁勒族,对唐朝时叛时附)。回朝后,徐世绩遇暴疾,药方上讲治此病胡须灰可以做药引。唐太宗听说后,自剪胡须,为徐世绩和药。儒家礼仪,身体发肤受之父母,一般人都不会轻易损伤,何况九五天子,亲剪“龙须”为臣子做药引,诚为千古美谈。徐世绩叩首见血以谢,感动得一塌糊涂。太宗说:“吾为社稷计耳,不烦深谢。”不久,君臣宴饮,太宗醺然对徐世绩 讲:“朕将以太子托付于您。您往年不负李密,今日必不会负朕。”徐世绩雪涕,誓以必死。俄而沉醉,太宗亲解御衣为这位勋臣盖上以免着凉,如此宠遇,古今罕有。<BR> 贞观十八年,徐世绩跟从太宗伐高句丽,攻破辽东、白崖等数城。贞观二十年,又率军大破薛延陀部,平定碛北。<BR> 贞观二十三年,太宗临终时,因太子李治无恩于李世绩,故意贬其为叠州都督,在李治即位后,将李世绩提拔为尚书左仆射。<BR> 高宗即位后,立拜徐世绩为尚书左仆射。永徽四年,册拜司空。徐世绩为人小心谨慎,对于皇帝家事一概不过问。后世对他不反对高宗立武后一事颇有微词,笔者独以为不然。皇帝椒房内事,外臣权位再高,血缘再亲,掺和入宫闱之事无论成败,最终难逃一戮。徐世绩又非皇亲国戚,为人又深沉谨慎,加之太宗托负他的是社稷国事,所以他的表现实为中允,并非油滑臣下所为。因此,武后对他非常不错,对待徐世绩的老姐还亲自临问,赐以衣服,家人一般。<BR> 高宗乾封元年(666),高丽权臣盖苏文病死,其子男生继掌国事,另外两个儿子男建、男产发难,驱逐男生。男生奔唐朝,恳求唐朝发兵相助。高宗任徐世绩为辽东道行军大总管,率军征高丽。乾封二年二月,徐世绩大军渡辽水,攻拨高丽重城新城。徐世绩一路连捷,直抵平壤城南扎下大营,男建不断派兵迎战,皆大败而还。不久,城内人投降唐军为内应,大开城门,唐兵四面纵火,烧毁城门,男建窘急,自杀未死。平壤城最终被攻下,唐朝共获一百七十六城,六十九万七千户。至此高丽国灭,分其地置九个都督府,四十一州,一百县,设安东都护府统管整个高丽旧地。自隋文帝以来,屡伐高丽,无一成功。隋炀帝四次伐辽,因此亡国。英明神武如唐太宗,御驾亲征,也因天寒少粮而无功罢兵。高宗继位,前后派兵部尚书任雅相、左武卫大将军苏定方、左骁卫大将军契必何力多次征讨,皆无功而返。直到徐世绩老将出马,乘高丽内乱,加之指挥有方,一举讨灭东边这个多年难拔的“钉子户”,想必隋、唐几位皇帝如果地下有知,肯定惭叹不已。<BR> 徐世绩回国后不久,因征伐劳累而病重,卒,年七十六。高宗亲为举哀,辍朝七日,赠太尉,谥曰贞武,陪葬昭陵。 </P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 22.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐世绩一生,经战阵无数,所得赏物,大都分赐手下将士。大功成就,常推功于别人,故而人尽死力。重病后,只服皇帝送来的御药,家里人延请的的大夫一律不见。他说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">我山东一田夫耳,攀附明主,滥居富贵,位极三台,年将八十,岂非命乎?修短必是有期,宁能就医人求治。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">临终之时,徐世绩忽然让其弟李弼置酒宴乐,堂下子孙满排而立。他对李弼说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">我自知必死,怕你悲哭,所以假装病情转好为此宴乐。你现在脑子清醒,听我讲话。我亲见</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/5319.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>房玄龄</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、杜如晦、高士廉等人辛苦建立门户,都被后辈破家亡人。我这些不肖儿孙,现在都交付给你,应细加防察,如有操行不伦、结交非类,马上打杀,然后奏之,以免倾覆家族</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">……”<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 虽如此,徐世绩的忧恐最终成为现实。唐高宗崩后,武后临朝,随意废杀儿皇帝,大戮李唐宗室,武氏家族高官重权,天下人情怨愤。恰巧徐世绩孙子</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1860793.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>徐敬业</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">与两个兄弟都因受赃贬官,在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/5257.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>扬州</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">又遇见同遭贬斥的唐之奇、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/9950.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>骆宾王</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等人,几个人趁机起事于扬州,旬日之间,竟有胜兵十多万。然而徐敬业终属志大才疏之辈,也并非真的想力复唐室,纯属有个人野心的半吊子阴谋家。武则天派三十万大军,很快捕诛众人。此次起事惟一能影响后世的,是骆宾王那篇千古流传的《讨武曌檄》。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2225.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>武则天</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">边读这篇大骂自己的文章,边赞叹不已,并讲</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">宰相之过,安失此人?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 平定徐敬业后,武则天下诏追削徐敬业祖、父官爵,创坟斫棺,复本性徐氏。徐世绩直系子孙诛戮无遗,偶然有旁支逃脱的,“皆窜迹胡越”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/33128.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>唐德宗</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">贞元十七年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">801</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/33210.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>吐蕃</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">攻陷麟州,驱掠民畜而去。一行俘虏走到盐州时,有位名徐舍人的吐蕃将领,把几千汉人俘虏召集一处,对和尚延素说:“大师勿惧,我本汉人五代孙。从前武太后杀唐宗室,吾祖建义不果(当指</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/100437.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>徐敬业</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),子孙流落绝域,至今已经三代了。虽然我们几代居此,有兵有地,然思本之心,无忘于国。但至今旌属繁衍已多,无由自拨归汉了。”言毕,把几千作为奴隶本来要累病死于吐蕃的汉人全被放掉。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 英国公做梦也想不到,他一辈子都为唐朝在边疆和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">夷狄羌狄</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">多个少数民族作战,殊不料自己残留的血脉最终竟也混同于其中,这真是中国历史上最大的黑色幽默。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 22.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在唐代,无论是生前还是死后,徐世绩都享有崇高荣誉。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 在徐世绩归唐之初,唐高祖就赐他姓李,称赞他是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">纯臣</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,并委以重任,施以丰厚的赏赐。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 唐太宗对他钟爱有加、称赞有加。据《</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/27696.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>资治通鉴</SPAN></SPAN></A>·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">太宗文武大圣大广孝皇帝中之下》记载:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">李世绩尝得暴疾,方云</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">须灰可疗</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">;上自剪须,为之和药。世绩顿首出血泣谢。上曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">为社稷,非为卿也,何谢之有!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">又,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">世绩尝侍宴,上从容谓曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">朕求群臣可托幼孤者,无以逾公,公往不负李密,岂负朕哉!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">世绩流涕辞谢,啮指出血,因饮沉醉;上解御服以覆之。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">称赞他:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">参经纶而方面,南定维扬,北清大漠,威振殊俗,勋书册府。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">并将他图形于凌烟阁二十四开国勋臣之列。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 唐高宗对他更是恩宠。高宗举行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/109887.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>泰山封禅</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">大典,任他为封禅大使。途经他的故乡时,皇后武氏亲自去看望他寡居的姐姐,赐给衣物,还封为东平郡君。徐世绩不慎坠马伤足,高宗亲自慰问,并把御乘赐予他。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/420137.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>永徽</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">四年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">653</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),唐高宗又命人为他画像,还亲自为他写序。高丽平后,高宗祭祀宗庙,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">以徐世绩为亚献</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高宗天皇大圣大弘孝皇帝中之上》)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">669</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年,徐世绩病逝,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">上(唐高宗)闻之悲泣,葬日,幸未央宫,登楼望輀车恸哭。起冢象</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/113317.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>阴山</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/113572.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>铁山</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、乌德鞬山,以旌其破</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/22570.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>突厥</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、薛延陀之功。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高宗天皇大圣大弘孝皇帝中之上》)并令在光顺门为他举哀,七天不上朝。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 甚至在他死后近百年,也就是上元元年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">760</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),唐肃宗还把他与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/34691.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>李靖</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">一起,誉为历史上十大名将之一,配享武成王(姜太公)庙。认为他和李靖所立下的功绩,只有汉朝的卫青和霍去病才能与其相媲美。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 这样一位生前死后都备受尊重和称赞的人物,但在《隋唐演义》《</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/96520.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>隋唐英雄传</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">》等通俗文学和当代影视作品中,却是一个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">牛鼻子老道</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">形象,并不为人们所喜欢,与正史中所记载的徐世绩大相径庭。所以,研究他的生平事迹,探究他的成功之道,对修正民间对徐世绩的曲解,还原这位中国古代杰出的军事家、政治家的本来面目,十分有必要。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐世绩的成功原因,专家评议如下:</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 其一,杰出的军事、政治才能。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐世绩的成功,首先得益于他杰出的军事才能。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐世绩自</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">17</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">岁参军,到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">76</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">岁去世,在半个多世纪戎马生涯中,他南征北战,东伐西讨,一生经历大小战役无数,所在之处,都立下了赫赫战功,表现出杰出的军事家才干。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 早在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/189024.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>瓦岗寨</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">时,他从李密征战,就为瓦岗军立下了汗马功劳;归唐后,又屡从唐太宗征讨,平王世充,灭窦建德,伐刘黑闼,为大唐王朝的建立,立下了不朽功勋;后来在攻灭东突厥,平定薛延陀等重大军事战役中,都做出了重大贡献,为大唐王朝的稳定、强大,立下了汗马功劳。为此,唐太宗曾多次称赞他,认为他</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">用师筹算,临敌应变,动合事机</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">古之韩(信)白(起)、卫(青)霍(去病)岂能及也</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 特别值得一提的是,乾封元年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">666</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),徐世绩以</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">73</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">岁高龄,挂帅东征高句丽,经过两年多的浴血奋战,到总章元年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">668</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),高丽王高藏投降。终于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高丽悉平</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高宗天皇大圣大弘孝皇帝中之上》)解除了唐王朝的心腹大患,也告慰了在九泉之下、生前曾经多次出兵高句丽、但却一直未能取得全胜的唐太宗李世民。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 故史称:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">绩为将,有谋善断;与人议事,从善如流。战胜则归功于下,所得金帛,悉散之将士,故人思致死,所向克捷。临事选将,必訾相其状貌丰厚者遣之。或问其故,绩曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">薄命之人,不足与成功名。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高宗天皇大圣大弘孝皇帝中之上》)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐世绩的成功,还得益于他杰出的政治才能。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 在翟让起义之初,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">离狐徐世绩(即后来的徐世绩,下同)家于卫南,年十七,有勇略,说让曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">东郡于公与绩皆为乡里,人多相识,不宜侵掠。荥阳、梁郡,汴水所经,剽行舟,掠商旅,足以自资。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">让然之,引众人入二郡界,掠公私船,资用丰给,附者益众,聚徒至万余人。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">隋纪七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">炀皇帝下》)为后来的瓦岗义军发展壮大奠定了基础。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 李密上瓦岗寨以后,徐世绩见李密才识皆过翟让,又与王伯当等人劝翟让让位于李密。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">617</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年夏,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">河南、山东大水,饿殍满野,炀帝诏开黎阳仓赈之,吏不时给,死者日数万人。徐世绩言于李密曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">天下大乱,本为饥馑。今更得黎阳仓,大事济矣。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">密遣世绩帅麾下五千人自原武济河,会元宝藏、郝孝德、李文相及洹水贼帅张升、清河贼帅赵君德共袭破黎阳仓,据之,开仓恣民就食,浃旬间,得胜兵二十余万。武安、永安、义阳、弋阳、齐郡相继降密。窦建德、朱粲之徒亦遣使附密。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">隋纪八</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">恭皇帝下》)为瓦岗寨的发展壮大起到了至关重要作用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 归唐后,他镇守并州凡十六年,令行禁止,四夷宾服,号为称职。唐太宗深有感触地说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">隋炀帝劳百姓,筑长城以备突厥,卒无所益。朕唯置李世绩于晋阳而边尘不惊,其为长城,岂不壮哉!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">太宗文武大圣大广孝皇帝中之中》)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 其二,善于审时度势。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐世绩的成功,与他善于审时度势是分不开的。这不仅表现在他的军事生涯中,还表现在他处理与皇家关系等重大政治问题上。对于皇家的事情,在他看来,是他们</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">家事</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,无需询问</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">外人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。这样,一方面可以巧妙地避开陷入皇权争斗的漩涡,另一方面,也可以保全自己。唐高祖武德九年玄武门政变前夕,秦王</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">世民犹豫未决,问于灵州大都督李靖,靖辞;问于行军总管李世绩,世绩辞;世民由是重二人。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高祖神尧大圣光孝皇帝下之上》)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 永徽六年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">655</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),唐高宗欲废</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/417250.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>王皇后</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,立昭仪武则天为皇后。上(唐高宗)问绩曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">朕欲立武昭仪(即后来的武则天)为后,(褚)遂良固执以为不可。遂良既顾命大臣,事当且已乎?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">对曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">此陛下家事,何必更问外人!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">上意遂决。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">结果呢?反对者</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/69757.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>褚遂良</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等人或贬或死,而徐世绩却得到了唐高宗、武皇后的信任。(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十五</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高宗天皇大圣大弘孝皇帝上之上》)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐世绩的审时度势,还表现在他对皇帝意图的深刻领会上。贞观二十三年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">649</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),亦即唐太宗临终前夕,唐太宗唯恐他身为两朝元老,难以驾驭,特意贬他出任叠州都督。上谓太子曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">李世绩才智有余,然汝与之无恩,恐不能怀服。我今黜之,若其即行,俟我死,汝于后用为仆射,亲任之;若徘徊顾望,当杀之耳。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">五月,戊午,以同中书门下三品李世绩为叠州都督;世绩受诏,不至家而去。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十五</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">太宗文武大圣大广孝皇帝下之下》)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐世绩的审时度势,还表现在他对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">盈满则亏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">的理解和领悟上。徐世绩一生为大唐出生入死,立功无数,建立的赫赫战功;唐朝朝廷也给予徐世绩巨大荣誉。但在徐世绩看来,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">盈满则亏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”——</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐太宗临死前所作所为就证明了这一点,因此时时告诫自己、警醒自己。正是基于这些考虑,因此,唐高宗即位后,召回徐世绩,并授任他为检校洛州刺史,洛阳宫留守,进开府仪同三司、同中书门下,参掌机密,不久,又拜尚书左仆射。就在这个春风得意的时候</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">亦即永徽元年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">650</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐世绩固求解职;冬,十月,戊辰,解绩左仆射,以开府仪同三司、同中书门下三品。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十五</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高宗天皇大圣大弘孝皇帝上之上》)。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 其三,知人善用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 作为一代杰出的政治家、军事家,徐世绩一个重要特点,就是知人善用,举贤荐能。正是他善于用人,所以,他率军所到之处,所向披靡,战无不胜。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐世绩的知人善用不仅表现在他的军事生涯中,还表现在平时对人才的发现、关心、照顾、提携、推荐、任用上。早在瓦岗寨起义之始,他发现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/135653.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>魏徵</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、高季辅、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/216051.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>杜正伦</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等是才俊之士,便与这些人物深交:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">即加礼敬,引入卧内,谈谑忘倦。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">后来,徐世绩位居高位,凡经他引荐的,后多位至通显,当时人称其有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">知人之鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。譬如在他镇守并州时,徐世绩发现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1125206.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>张文瓘</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">是一个人才,便安排他在并州任职,并称赞他为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今之管(仲)、萧(何)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐世绩的知人善用还表现在一些不经意的小事上,注意帮助人才克服自己的不足之处,引导人才发挥自己的长处。譬如,在镇守并州时,一次徐世绩入朝,张文瓘等三人为他饯行,徐世绩分别赠给那二个人佩刀与玉带,而对张文瓘却一无所赠。张文瓘不解其意,徐世绩解释说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">子无为嫌。若某,冗豫少决,故赠以刀,欲其果于断;某放诞少检,故赠以带,俾其守约束。若子才,无施不可,焉用赠?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">遂极力引荐,乃至高宗朝张文瓘位至宰相。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 渭南尉</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/212473.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>刘延佑</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,年轻时就中进士第,且政绩突出。徐世绩告诫他说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">足下春秋甫尔,遽擅大名,宜稍自贬抑,无为独出人右也。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高宗天皇大圣大弘孝皇帝中之上》)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 正确对待不同人才的不同长处,也是徐世绩知人善用的一个重要特点。据《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高宗天皇大圣大弘孝皇帝中之上》记载:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">上问:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">濮阳谓之帝丘,何也?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(窦)德玄不能对。许敬宗自后跃马而前曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">昔颛顼居此,故谓之帝丘。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">上称善。敬宗退,谓人曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">大臣不可以无学;吾见德玄不能对,心实羞之。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">德玄闻之,曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">人各有能有不能,吾不强对以所不知,此吾所能也。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐世绩曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">敬宗多闻,信美矣;德玄之言亦善也。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’” <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 其四,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">奉上忠</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">与友义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐世绩一生,主要历经瓦岗寨和唐朝。对大唐王朝,他任劳任怨,几十年来如一日,为大唐江山的建立、稳固、强大,立下了不朽功勋。他的忠心,得到了朝廷上下的一致认同:总章元年,在徐世绩挂帅东征辽东之际,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">上(唐高宗)又问(贾言忠):</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">辽东诸将孰贤?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(贾言忠)对曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">薛仁贵勇冠三军;庞同善虽不善斗,而持军严整;高侃勤俭自处,忠果有谋;契苾何力沉毅能断,虽颇忌前,而有统御之才;然夙夜小心,忘身忧国,皆莫及徐世绩也。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">上深然其言。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高宗天皇大圣大弘孝皇帝中之上》)后来事情的发展,也果如贾言忠所言。因此,徐世绩死后,唐高宗悲痛说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">绩奉上忠</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">……</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">历三朝未尝有过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">……”<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 即使对待象李密这样一位刚愎自用、志大才疏的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">故主</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">来说,徐世绩也做到了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">尽忠尽则</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">仁至义尽</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 武德二年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">619</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),李密被王世充击败,入关降唐,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐世绩据李密旧境,未有所属。魏征随密至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/47960.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>长安</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,久不为朝廷所知,乃自请安集山东,上以为秘书丞,乘传至黎阳,遗徐世绩书,劝之早降。世绩遂决计西向,谓长史阳翟郭孝恪曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">此民众土地,皆魏公有也;吾若上表献之,是利主之败,自为功以邀富贵也,吾实耻之。今宜籍郡县户口士马之数以启魏公,使自献之。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">乃遣孝恪诣长安,又运粮以饷淮安王神通。上闻世绩使者至,无表,止有启与密,甚怪之。孝恪具言世绩意,上乃叹曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐世绩不背德,不邀功,真纯臣也!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">赐姓李。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高祖神尧大圣光孝皇帝上之中》)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 李密降唐后不久即谋反被杀,时</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">李世绩在黎阳,上(唐高祖)遣使以密首示之,告以反状。世绩北面拜伏号恸,表请收葬;诏归其尸。世绩为之行服,备君臣之礼。大具仪卫,举军缟素,葬密于黎阳山南。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高祖神尧大圣光孝皇帝上之中》)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 其实,据史书记载,李密对徐世绩并不信任。在瓦岗寨时,翟让和李密发生火拼,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐世绩走出,门者斫之伤颈</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">……”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">幸赖</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">王伯当遥呵止之</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">隋纪八</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">恭皇帝下》)杀害翟让后,李密</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">颇自骄矜,不恤士众</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐世绩尝因宴会刺讥气短,密不怿,使世绩出镇黎阳,虽名委任,实亦疏之。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高祖神尧大圣光孝皇帝上之中》)在李密落难和死后,徐世绩不仅没有落井下石,反而以德报怨,的确难能可贵!</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">忠主</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">之外,徐世绩也很讲义气,也很重视义气。他在瓦岗时,曾与单雄信结拜为兄弟,誓同生死。后李密兵败,单雄信投靠了王世充。单雄信作战勇猛过人,在唐军围攻洛阳时,他驰骋沙场,挥枪几中齐王李元吉。武德四年,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">及洛阳平,世绩言雄信骁健绝伦,请尽输己之官爵以赎之,世民不许。世绩固请不能得,涕泣而退。雄信曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">我固知汝不办事!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">世绩曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">吾不惜余生,与兄俱死;但既以此身许国,事无两遂。且吾死之后,谁复视兄之妻子乎?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">乃割股肉以啖雄信,曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">使此肉随兄为土,庶几犹不负昔誓也!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪五</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高祖神尧大圣光孝皇帝中之中》)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 其五,事亲孝,治家严整。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐世绩事亲极孝。为此,唐高宗曾经称赞过他:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">事亲孝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">……”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">事实也的确如此。武德二年,徐世绩在获悉窦建德俘获其父李盖时,已经走出包围圈的徐世绩,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">数日,以其父故,还诣建德降。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高祖神尧大圣光孝皇帝上之下》)后来徐世绩用事实证明这是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">假降</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,并很快反窦归唐,并取得了唐高祖李渊的理解(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪四</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高祖神尧大圣光孝皇帝中之上》),但其中的危险,是可想而知的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐世绩治家严整,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">闺门雍睦而严。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">临死前,还叮咛族人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">总章二年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">669</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">)十一月,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐世绩寝疾</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">……</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">一旦,忽谓其弟司卫少卿弼曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">吾今日小愈,可共置酒为乐。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">于是子孙悉集,酒阑,谓弼曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">吾自度必不起,故欲与汝曹为别耳。汝曹勿悲泣,听我约束。我见房、杜平生勤苦,仅能立门户,遭不肖子,荡覆无馀。吾有此子孙,今悉付汝。葬毕,汝即迁入我堂,抚养孤幼,谨察视之。其有志气不伦,交游非类者,皆先挝杀,然后以闻。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">自是不复更言。十二月,戊申,薨。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高宗天皇大圣大弘孝皇帝中之上》)徐世绩死后,唐高宗称赞他说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">性廉慎,不立产业</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">……”<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 其六,知天命,富有人情味。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐世绩</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">知天命</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,也是一位知足之人。他身居高位,但从不贪恋,多次要求辞官,要求降级。在古今名将中,可谓凤毛麟角。尤其难能可贵的是:在死神面前,他并不贪求富贵,并不企求长生不老。总章二年(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">669</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),已经位居司空、太子太师、英贞武公重位的徐世绩,在他病重的时候,除</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">上(指唐高宗)及太子所赐药,绩则饵之</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">外,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">子弟为之迎医,皆不听进,曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">吾本山东田夫,遭值圣明,致位三公,年将八十,岂非命邪!修短有期,岂能复就医工求活!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">他常说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">我年十二三时为亡赖贼,逢人则杀。十四五为难当贼,有所不惬则杀人。十七八为佳贼,临陈乃杀之。二十为大将,用兵以救人死。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高宗天皇大圣大弘孝皇帝中之上》)在他看来,象他这样一位</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">田夫</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,能出将入相,位列三公,已经心满意足了,死又何憾?死又何恨?所以,在死神面前,他坦然相对,平静相对,毫不畏惧。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 在对待亲人的问题上,徐世绩也极富有人情味。唐高宗乾封二年,高宗命徐世绩为辽东道行军大总管兼安抚大使,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">绩欲与其婿京兆杜怀恭偕行,以求勋效。怀恭辞以贫,绩赡之;复辞以无奴马,又赡之。怀恭辞穷,乃亡匿岐阳山中,谓人曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">公欲以我立法耳。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">绩闻之,流涕曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">杜郎疏放,此或有之。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">乃止。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(见《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高宗天皇大圣大弘孝皇帝中之上》)在这种</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">春秋笔法</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">的背后,也可看出徐世绩性格中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">]</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">鲜为人知的一面</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">浓厚的人情味。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐世绩人情味表现最突出、最充分的事情,还表现在已经身为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">仆射(即宰相)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">的他,为生病的姐姐熬粥做饭这类小事上。据《资治通鉴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">唐纪十七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">高宗天皇大圣大弘孝皇帝中之上》记载:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">其姊尝病,绩已为仆射,亲为之煮粥,风回,爇其须鬓。姊曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">仆妾幸多,何自苦如是!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">绩曰:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">非为无人使令也,顾姊老,绩亦老,虽欲久为姊煮粥,岂可得乎?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’” </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">至今读来,仍令人感动万分!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> 对于徐世绩,明末清初著名思想家王夫之有一段很精彩的评论:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">于李密,忠也;于单雄信,义也;于兵士,恤也;于唐朝,始终如一,灭之高丽,功至高也。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">纵观徐世绩一生,的确如此</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">他那充满传奇的成功人生,无疑为后人提供了有益的借鉴。</SPAN><FONT color=sienna><SPAN style="COLOR: #993366; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P><FONT color=sienna><SPAN style="COLOR: #993366; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"></SPAN> </P></FONT>
[ 本帖最后由 徐天奎 于 2009-9-29 01:12 编辑 ] 希望看到徐庶传略
徐元直传
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">徐庶,字元直,初名褔,后改庶。东汉未年颍川阳翟<SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN>今禹县<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>人。徐庶与博陵人翟川平、汝南人孟公威和本郡人石广元汉灵帝中平年间<SPAN lang=EN-US>(184----188</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>,同称为四大名士。</SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">徐庶年少时爱好击剑,后折节向学,游学四方。刘备在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/66608.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>新野</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时,徐庶化名单福,投效与刘备,被拜为军师。徐庶为刘备出谋划策,击败曹将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/157242.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>吕旷</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/157249.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>吕翔</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,斗阵胜</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/16837.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>曹仁</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,并计取</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/442914.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>樊城</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。不久曹操手下谋士</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2643.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>程昱</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">识破了徐庶的身份,称徐庶之才十倍于己。曹操欲拉拢徐庶,于是程昱取来徐庶老母,用伪书赚徐庶来降。徐庶临走前向刘备</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">走马荐诸葛</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,并立誓在曹营</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">终身不设一谋</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。后徐庶跟随曹操参加赤壁之战,时马超、韩遂欲从西凉起兵,攻袭曹操之后。徐庶主动请命去散关防守</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/33004.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>马腾</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/64894.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>韩遂</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,马韩二人知道徐庶回防,不敢贸然攻击,只好按兵不动。徐庶威名,于此可见。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">东汉灵帝中平末年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(188</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,徐庶的一位朋友因与当地一家豪门恶霸结怨而被害得家破人亡,万般无奈之际,只好请少侠徐庶为其报仇雪恨。徐庶接受朋友的请求后,以白色垩</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">音</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><FONT face="Times New Roman">è)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">泥涂抹面孔,只身闯入恶霸家中,一剑刺死了这个仗势欺人、为害一方的恶徒。徐庶正要离去,不幸被闻讯赶来的大批官差包围。因寡不敌众,失手被擒,官府对徐庶进行了严酷审讯,徐庶出于江湖道义,始终不肯说出事情真象。又怕因此株连母亲,尽管受尽酷刑,也不肯说出自己的姓名身份。官府计穷,派人将徐庶绑在刑车的立柱上,击鼓游街,要老百姓来辩认他的身份。老百姓感于徐庶行侠仗义,为地方除去一霸,所以无人出面指认。官府也无可奈何,后经徐庶的朋友上下打点,费尽周折,终于将其营救出狱。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> 这次事件,在徐庶思想上引起了极大的震动。他认识到仅靠自己的力量,不足以铲除人间不平事,诛尽天下害人虫。审时度势,又见东汉王朝日趋腐朽,诸侯割据,烽烟四起,决心弃武从文,掌握一身治国用兵的本领,造福于天下苍生。自此以后,徐庶告别武林诸友,摒弃刀枪剑戟,潜心读书求学。初进学馆时,同窗得知他曾以武犯禁,都不愿与他来往。徐庶对此毫不介意,依然我行我素,孜孜不倦地投入学习。由于他学习勤奋,天资聪颖,学习进步很快。加上他为人忠厚诚恳,豁达大度,很快就得到了老师和同学的谅解。在学馆求学期间,与同郡的石韬(字广元)志趣相投,成为亲密无间的好友。?<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/19780.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>汉献帝</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">初平年间<SPAN lang=EN-US>(190——193</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>,汉室衰微,悍臣专政,中原大地群雄并起,混战连绵。徐庶、石韬为避战乱,举家南迁到荆州地区。在荆州,徐庶结识了客居此地的崔州平、孟公威和诸葛亮、庞统等人。在与诸葛亮的交往中,徐庶为诸葛亮渊博的学识、超人的见解、对时局敏锐的观察判断力和独到的治国用兵之术所倾倒。诸葛亮也对徐庶出众的才学,高尚的人品而敬仰。两人来往频繁,推心置腹地畅谈天下大势,品评当时豪杰,探讨治国用兵之道。徐庶对诸葛亮以春秋名相<SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2810.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>管仲</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN>、战国名将<SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2799.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>乐毅</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN>自喻,深信不疑。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 37pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐庶客居荆州时,荆州牧刘表多次礼聘徐庶出仕。但徐庶观刘表其人,以为此公虽号称皇室宗胄,颇有礼贤下士之名,但骨子里却优柔寡断,知善不能举,知恶不能去,只不过是徒有虚名而已,徐庶坚辞不就。汉献帝建安六年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">(201</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,在中原地区战败的刘备来投靠刘表,刘表对他心怀疑惧,让他屯兵新野抵挡曹操。徐庶通过观察,发现刘备胸怀大志,才略过人,并能够善待部属,素有人望。于是就前往新野拜见刘备。刘备正刻意结交荆襄一带的有识之士,对颇有名气的徐庶前来投靠,喜不自胜。刘备非常器重徐庶的才干和人品,当即把他留在营中并委以重任,让他参与整顿军事,训练士卒。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 建安九年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">(204</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,刘备乘曹操出兵河北攻邺城之机,出兵掠地,北至叶县附近。留守许昌的曹魏大将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/18287.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>夏侯惇</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">带</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/52089.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>于禁</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/25544.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>李</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">典等出兵抵御。因刘表拒绝出兵相助,刘备兵弱将少难挡曹军。在这危机关头,徐庶建议放火烧寨,佯装退兵,然后派</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2275.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>关羽</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1679.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>张飞</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2319.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>赵云</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等领兵埋伏以待曹军追兵。夏侯惇不知其中有诈,不顾李典的劝阻,同于禁率轻骑追击刘备。刘备埋伏的军队同时发起进攻,将曹军团团围困,曹军伤亡惨重。刘备反败为胜,有惊无险,这才从容收兵,返回新野。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐庶卓越的军事才能,令刘备大喜过望,盛赞他有王佐之才。徐庶极力谦让,称自己的才学远远无法同诸葛亮相比,向刘备推荐了诸葛亮。过去刘备在荆州曾拜访过阳翟的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">水镜先生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">司马徽,司马徽也向刘备推荐过诸葛亮。如今见徐庶又极力推荐诸葛亮,当即就产生了招募延揽之心。他想委托徐庶代表自己,礼聘诸葛亮出山。徐庶婉辞,他指出诸葛亮有经天纬地之才,治国安邦之能,人称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">卧龙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">先生,得其能安天下。对这位盖世奇才,不是贸然能请得来的,建议刘备亲自前往。刘备为图霸业,求才若渴,他不惜降尊纡贵,三顾茅庐,虔诚之心终于感动了诸葛亮,接受了刘备的邀请,于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">207</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年出山辅佐刘备,从而奠定了三国鼎立的格局。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 汉献帝建安十三年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">公元</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">208</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,曹操率大军南征荆州。这时</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/6640.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>刘表</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">已亡,他的儿子</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/64971.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>刘琮</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">不战而降。刘备率军民二十多万人南撤。在曹军追及到当阳长坂坡时,刘备寡不敌众,大败而逃,辎重全失。徐庶的母亲也不幸被曹军掳获,并被曹操派人伪造其母书信召其去许都,徐庶得知此讯,痛不欲生,含泪向刘备辞行。他用手指着自己的胸口说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">本打算与将军共图王霸大业,耿耿此心,唯天可表。不幸老母被掳,方寸已乱,即使我留在将军身边也无济于事,请将军允许我辞别,北上侍养老母</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">!”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">刘备虽然舍不得让徐庶离开自己,但他知道徐庶是出了名的孝子,不忍看其母子分离,更怕万一徐母被害,自己会落下离人骨肉的罪名,只好同徐庶挥泪而别。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐庶北上归曹以后,心中仍十分依恋故主刘备和好友诸葛亮。尽管他有出众的谋略和才华,但不愿为曹操出谋划策,与刘备、诸葛亮为敌。因此,徐庶在曹魏历时数十年,却从未在政治军事上有所作为,几乎湮没无闻。这就是人们常说的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐庶进曹营,一言不发</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。魏文帝黄初年间</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">(220——226</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,徐庶官至右中郎将,御史中丞。魏明帝太和三年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">(229</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,诸葛亮三出祁山,北伐中原。他听到徐庶归曹入魏后的经历,不禁为自己好友的一生而叹息不已。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt">?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐庶一生,虽然命运多舛,人生道路也坎坷不平,最终没有做出什么惊天动地的大业。但他忠直坦诚、孝敬亲尊、力荐英才的人格品德将永传后世。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: #993300"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
[ 本帖最后由 徐天奎 于 2009-9-29 11:25 编辑 ] <P>原帖由 <I>徐元本</I> 于 2009-9-29 05:59 发表 <A href="http://bbs.xu-shi.com/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=178330&ptid=33327" target=_blank><IMG alt="" src="http://bbs.xu-shi.com/images/common/back.gif" border=0></A> 希望看到徐庶传略 </P>
<P>这只是引用别人的资料,如果成书时还要修改很多文字。</P>
徐文向传
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22.6pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐盛(?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">-227</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">)字文向,琅琊琅邪莒县人(今山东莒县)人也。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">汉末,时逢战乱,徐盛客居吴地,以英勇闻名。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,孙权开始执政,任命徐盛为别部司马,授予他士兵五百人,试任柴桑长,对抗黄祖。黄祖的儿子黄射,曾经率几千人进攻徐盛。当时徐盛的手下不到二百人,奋起抗击,杀伤黄射的部队千余人,然后开门主动出战,大败黄射,黄射于是不敢再次入侵。孙权升徐盛为校尉、芜湖令,又征讨临城南阿山贼,有功,升为中郎将,负责训练士兵。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,曹操进攻濡须口,徐盛跟随孙权前去防御。魏军曾经大举进攻横江,徐盛和其他几位将领一起前去征讨。当时乘坐蒙冲,遇到大风,船被吹到敌人控制的江岸。诸将恐惧,没有敢出击的,唯有徐盛带领士兵上岸突击敌人,把敌人击退,并杀伤了一些敌人,风停了便返回吴军营寨。孙权得知后对此大为赞赏。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,孙权向魏国称臣,魏国派邢贞拜孙权为吴王。孙权出都亭来迎接邢贞,邢贞露出傲慢的神色,张昭对此很是生气,而徐盛更加愤怒,对同僚说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">我徐盛和大家不能挺身而出,为国家占领许昌、洛阳,吞并巴蜀,却让我们的君王来与邢贞这样的人来订盟约,这不是耻辱吗?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">说完,泪流满面。邢贞听了,对随从说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">江东有这样的将、相,不会久居于人下的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">后来,徐盛升为建武将军,封都亭侯,领庐江太守,赐临城县为奉邑。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,刘备伐吴到达西陵,徐盛攻下刘备的多处屯营,一路立功。同年,曹休出兵洞口,徐盛与吕范、全琮渡过长江前去防守,遭遇大风,船上很多人都落水丧生,徐盛召集残部,与曹休隔江对峙。曹休派部队乘船进攻,徐盛以少抗多,魏军不能取胜,于是双方撤兵。战后,徐盛升为安东将军,封芜湖侯。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">,魏文帝曹丕大举攻吴,作出了渡江的姿态。徐盛建议在建业外围筑上围墙,稀疏修一些房屋,墙上设置假箭楼,江中摆上战船。各位将领认为没什么意义,徐盛不听,坚持将计划施行。曹丕到达广陵后,看到围墙惊愕不已。围墙连绵数百里,而长江正在涨水,于是曹丕放弃进攻,引军撤退了。诸将于是十分佩服徐盛。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="宋体, MS Song"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">黄武年间(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">222</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="宋体, MS Song">229</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年),徐盛病逝,儿子徐楷继承爵位并统领部队。</SPAN>
[ 本帖最后由 徐天奎 于 2009-9-29 12:17 编辑 ] 各位宗亲,我仅仅是为大家提供素材而已,希望大家一起来。
例文 徐永昌将军
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐永昌将军,八年抗日战争期间任国民政府军令部长,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1945</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">9</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">日代表中国,到东京湾上与美、英、苏等</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">9</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">国代表签字接受日本投降书。签字后</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">经过深思</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">他说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今天是要大家反省的一天</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">!</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今天每一个在这里有代表的国家</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">也可同样回想一下过去</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">假如他的良心告诉他有过错误</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">他就应当勇敢地承认过错而忏悔</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">!” 1950</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年进而感言:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">中国必须经过一位有德有才的总统,任满做了平民,而仍能自然的享受到人生幸福自由,给那些愚迷的野心者看看,观感所及,以后国家才有进步,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/9031.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>中国人</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">的人格才能普遍提高。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">他主张自固吾圉(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">yu</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,音语),改良政治。这真是找到问题的根子。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">去</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2200.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>台湾</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">的崞县赵正楷先生(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1902-1996</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1991</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年曾寄我他采访编写、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/6809.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>台北</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">山西文献社出版的《徐永昌传》,约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">30</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">万字,摘要以飨同好。有些赵先生不便明言的,也作了补充。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 27.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 1.47; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" align=left><A name=1></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐永昌生平简介</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐永昌先生(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1887.12.15</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1959.7.12</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">),字次宸,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/32418.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>国民革命军</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">二级陆军上将。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/6204.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>山西</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">省</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/802333.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>崞县</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">(今</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/64984.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>原平</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">市)人,曾任国民军第三军军长,国民革命军北方军东路总指挥,国民革命军第三集团军第十二路总指挥,绥远、河北、山西省主席,南京军事委员会办公厅主任,军令部长,代表中国於东京湾美国</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/176053.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>密苏里号</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">军舰上接受日本投降。嗣任</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/491385.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>陆军大学</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">校长,国民大会代表,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/290725.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>国防部长</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,总统府咨政。先生信仰孙中山先生,以</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">少言勿怒</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">自持。公忠为国,纯正清廉。沉默不矜,推功远权。事人忠,律己严,造诣深,所见远。大勋在国,盛德长昭。著有《徐永昌将军求己斋回忆录》。(参照台北《山西文献》2004第64期135页)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 37pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 1.96; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" align=left><A name=2></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">护驾军的师爷收留孤儿,夫,兵</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 徐永昌上将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/29852.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>光绪</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">十三年十一月一日生于山西省崞县沿沟村的贫寒农家。母亲赵氏,父亲徐庆四十四岁获此麟儿,心劲儿大增,决意携家带口出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/23480.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>雁门关</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,到大同求生,到鼓楼西街粮店当了磨倌。此时永昌尚在襁褓中。全家三口的温馨</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">日子不到一年,赵氏就病死了。朋友给徐庆介绍了寡妇张氏,还带来与前夫所生二女一子,大哥、二姐改姓徐,长女已嫁,曾乳哺永昌,有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">姐姐妈妈</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">之称。大哥吉昌长永昌十岁,彼此十分亲热。永昌七岁入塾,读完四书,家遭变故,五经未读遍就辍学了。二姐病死,大哥在城上做工,坠城身亡,大姐病死,继母经不起打击,在光绪二十六年夏天去世。本来病弱的父亲不能正常出工,生活大成问题。秋天,父亲买回几袋山药蛋,命永昌往屋里搬,说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">这就是我们父子俩一冬的口粮啊!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">不料到十月,父亲也撒手归天,他受刺激一度昏厥。邻居帮他掩埋了父亲,他拣了块赭色石头埋在父亲墓前,作为标记。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 这年慈禧扶植拳乱,招致</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/8712.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>八国联军</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">侵华,慈禧西逃。毅军总统(军长)兼武卫左军总统</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/70844.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>宋庆</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,率部护驾,十二月到大同。一个营底(营本部)驻曹叔店内。师爷(书记官)徐椿龄老先生是营口人,很爱喝茶。因士兵初到此地,贪着出玩,加之老先生年近五十,尚乏子嗣,呼茶唤水,往往无人应声。永昌不忍,常为老先生提水泡茶。老先生喜其诚实勤谨,又怜他身服重孝,向店东打听清他的身世后,就问永昌:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">你愿意跟我走吗?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">永昌回答:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">愿意。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">于是在营部给他补了个名字,幼不成兵,也无力作夫,只是在徐师爷身边执勤而已。永昌随营底移阳高,到崞县,过韩侯岭,渡黄河茅津渡,走怀庆,经彰德、赵州、保定,宋庆部于銮驾回京后,即驻通州。永昌一年多间,走三省数十州县数千里。到通州后,他补了一名夫,照顾马匹。常于夏天午休时到四野无人的溪边将衣裤解下洗净,在石板上晾干。官长常示范说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">徐永昌是发一套服装的夫,却比你们发两套服装的兵整洁得多!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年底补为兵。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">20</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">岁时,文案何毓淮,为他买了匹私马,加入马卫队,到哈尔滨剿匪。他第一次参加作战,所在部队就将六七十人的一股土匪剿灭,擒获十余人。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 18.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: .98; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" align=left><A name=3></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">军中求学</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 三十四年,直隶提督</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/388599.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>马玉昆</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">奏准,开办武卫左军随营学堂,录取的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">160</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">人中,以倒数第二名入学,发愤苦读,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">人一己百,人十己千</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,修完普通科,又修步科,最喜欢战术、代数、三角、历史四课,考试每名列第一。因他在讲堂上常向教习发问,有几位教员误以为有意为难,学校总办因此在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/84359.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>宣统</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">三年毕业考试时,罚扣他若干学分,将他拉到第二名毕业,授副军校(中尉),见习后正式派在武卫左军左路前营左哨(连)作副哨长。九月初八,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/14458.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>阎锡山</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在太原响应</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/29003.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>武昌起义</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,被推为山西都督。清廷命武卫左军左路规复大同。永昌倾向革命,不愿回家乡打枪,请求上级当了新兵营哨长留在原驻地。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 民国元年,永昌考入陆军部将校讲习所。将校所</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">360</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">人,从六七百人中甄选,分四队。师资甚强,中国籍教习均为陆军大学第一、二期出身;两位德国教习则讲得更好,有时带学员到德使馆,将火炮拆开逐一讲解。丁克迈尔少校有次讲</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">连战术图上作业</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,讲后说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">部队此际只有这两个布置法。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">永昌听后,起立,讲出一个第三种布置法。丁略加思索,宣布说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">部队此际,可采用徐永昌的布置法。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”2</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年冬,永昌以第一名毕业,分发南京陆军预备军官学校连长,辞未赴任,考入陆军大学第四期。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年初入学,教官则比将校讲习所的差,日籍教官还有侦探的嫌疑。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年底举行毕业式,总统黎元洪亲监观礼。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 27.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 1.47; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" align=left><A name=4></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">倒袁</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">?</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">讨张</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">?</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">援陕</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">?</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">直奉战争</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 民国</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年元旦</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/8447.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>袁世凯</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">称帝,春末,永昌与同学</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/17166.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>孙岳</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等,同谋倒袁,离京赴沪赴浙,袁死后,又返鲁,为吴大洲筹组参谋厅,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">月返校。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 崞县续西峰</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/28947.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>辛亥革命</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">中招募勇壮,直下大同,遭阎锡山疑忌,流亡京津,是北方始终不渝支持</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2559.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>孙中山</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">的志士。永昌本可应江西都督李纯之请,分发赴赣,因与西峰深相结纳,自愿任陆军训练总监部编辑官。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">6</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/14426.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>张勋</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">复辟,赴保定游说曹锟顾问孙岳;又约晋南</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2486031.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>李岐山</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">赴天津与续西峰商对策。前陕西都督陆建章,让他带一万元,游说资助缺饷的通州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1441834.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>张锡元</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">旅进京讨张勋。张旅占领朝阳门,被王士珍劝出。后段祺瑞马厂誓师,曹锟响应,阎锡山派晋北镇守使由京绥路出兵讨张,张勋遁入荷兰使馆,闹剧收场。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">6</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">12</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">月,直督</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/21669.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>曹锟</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">命孙岳在廊坊办军官教育团,孙任团长,孙又邀永昌任教育长,此后直军下级军官多由此征补,也成为后来国民三军干部的摇篮。孙中山见北方民党同志势孤,任于右任为陕西靖国军总司令,与陕督陈树藩对抗。为经营西北革命根据地,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">月续西峰约永昌等</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">人赴粤谒中山,中山已转日本。他们经香港、越南到昆明、贵州毕节、重庆,与唐继尧会议,又与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/148446.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>熊克武</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">会于成都,策划援助于右任。因滇黔川各系军均无远出心,与陕督军战斗不利,数万里远行无功而返。9年直皖战后,永昌任第十五混成旅参谋长。11年直奉战争中,永昌接替带病的孙岳负责西路指挥,战争酷烈,双方伤亡惨重,坚守住阵地。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 直奉战后,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/3078.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>张作霖</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">暗地与孙中山、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2056205.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>段其瑞</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">联络,组织三角联盟,谋倒占领北京的曹锟、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/16158.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>吴佩孚</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。续西峰等凭三寸不烂之舌,作通了曹、吴部下冯玉祥、孙岳等人的工作。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1924</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">9</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">月第二次</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/116616.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>直奉战争</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">爆发。吴佩孚亲督东路往关外打,一直打山海关。可是负责西路热河的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/20746.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>冯玉祥</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">以修路名义行缓兵之计是修路。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">23</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">拂晓,冯军入城。事前与守卫各城门的孙岳部第二团约好,互相以统一制作的内镶白月标帜的黑旗为信,迳围总统府,幽曹锟于延庆楼。冯自称此次行动为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">首都革命</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,自任国民军总司令兼第一军军长,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/319867.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>胡景翼</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">、孙岳分任第二、三军军长。续西峰事前密派人赴粤请孙中山,孙岳有意让孙中山任首领,但是冯亲诣天津迎段祺瑞出山,以执政名义主持政府。孙中山闻讯离粤北上,但张、段已联合把持权柄。续西峰叹息</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">画虎不成反类狗</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。史称此事为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“<A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/59441.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>北京政变</SPAN></SPAN></A>”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。永昌事前不赞成此举,事后任三军第一旅旅长。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" align=left><A name=5></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">对蒋介石的建言</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 16年3月,连年征战的第三军,以客军入晋整顿。秋天晋绥军合第三军响应北伐军,分五路向河北等地出击。永昌任北方军东路总指挥。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1928</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年7月,蒋冯阎李同到北京告祭孙中山,北伐战争结束。当时南方领袖在北京演讲,指着皇宫黄琉璃瓦,说是满人压迫汉人的血迹。使满人甚至其他北方人产生意外感想。北方冯阎等握有兵权,如何妥善解决统一问题尚不好说。日本对华虎视眈眈。蒋介石郑重其事地约永昌到一个饭店,征求他对国家问题的意见:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">次宸兄在北方很久,对整个国家问题,有何意见?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">永昌说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">说起话来,总须关顾人心,江南常说的那套话,过河以后是应当加以纠正的,否则便会得到不良的影响。第二,政府仍以建都北京为好。万一政府非在南京不可,亦应将军事学校设在北方。阎先生与冯先生这两大势力,不分即合。分是国家实力的对消,合则国家或且多事。政府建都北京,最能解决这二势力之分合,裨其均有中心可向。故万一政府不能在北方,亦应将亦应将军事学校设在北方。此有二点好处:其一,我们的外患在北方,训练军官的地方亦以在北方为切实用:其二,蒋先生可藉此训练学生,常来与阎冯在一起,感情融洽,国家力量可以团结。这是我对国家问题的意见。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">蒋首肯者再。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 27.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 1.47; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" align=left><A name=6></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">军民分治,请自我始</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 28年10月他被任命为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/300485.htm" target=_blank><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; text-underline: none"><SPAN lang=EN-US>绥远省</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">政府主席。他以为主席是一文职,就将所部第三军进行整编,师、旅长全部换成阎放心的人,让副军长黄胪初持册送请阎锡山接纳。阎说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">绥省地方不靖,带上兵去,较易施为。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">永昌则说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">如不带兵即无能为,那就带上兵去亦做不好。主席是一文职,军民分治,请自我始。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">” <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 这在北洋军阀方倒,军队尚未国家化,人思拥兵自为的时代,十分难能可贵。其军需处长陈崇岳后来说,他决定以后,邀集全军干部当面宣布,反应是全体反对。他让大家各抒所见尽情发言,很多人非常激动。副军长黄胪初痛哭流涕地指斥他:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">出卖三军,换取主席!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">等大家闹哄哄地说完,他也静静地听完了,就诚恳地为大家多方剖析:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">北伐完成,国家统一,中原逐鹿,已成定局,我们不应当也不可能於各集团(指蒋、冯、阎、李四个集团军)之外,再成一个集团。我们不归于此,即归于彼。大家必须认清这一环境。再说,本军原是督办孙(岳)先生创立的,因他生病,责我代领。阎总司令要本军开进山西,而允许我们不改番号。北伐前夕督办赴沪,我们打到保定以后他病逝上海。我们为督办在保定开追悼会,天津迎灵,北京治丧。这是本军对督办的感念与责任。本军初到山西,如改番号,那就对不起督办;现在督办长逝,国家统一,我们两年来与山西合作得很好。如若仍不改番号,那就对不起阎总司令,并且对不起国家!我所以自行调整,自行调整人事,这样,队伍还是好好的,还是大家自己带着,归属第三集团军建制。大家跟着人家继续好好地干。我这样做,全是为国家,为弟兄,为朋友,而绝不是为我个人打算。如不明此义,仍要保持现状,这不等于要独立么?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">经他这么一说,大家才平静下来,依照他的指示整编起来。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" align=left><A name=7></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 布政绥、冀</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 到绥后,每天策马,走遍城外三五十里,探讨民间疾苦。他得知本省地土辽阔,民生慓悍,官民都无所凭依。比如东胜没有城墙,县长嫌不安全,住到离城数十里外的一家油坊内办公。他就向阎请到三十万元,修筑城堡,武川县城在他调任后告成。29年9月调河北,首先遇到的是与各国公使接触,来访回拜,彼此宴请,忙碌了一个多月。当时日本公使佐分利宴请永昌时说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">我此次来华,很想将中日悬案清理清理,因为两国间的悬案大多了,这是我们双方关系陷于僵局的重要原因</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">……”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">永昌答辞:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">我对于中日两国悬案之多,认为是正常。我看见中国法庭上打官司的,是两造相识者多,不相识者少,甚至亲戚间的案子不比朋友间的案子少。中日两国悬案多,正表示两国是新近,是关系深</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">……”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">彼此以诚相见,饭吃得很愉快。不久,日本上院议员来平,团长也谈起中日悬案多,佐分利也引用永昌的话剖析。可惜佐分利这位鸽派外交官,回国述职时被少壮军人除掉了。永昌慨叹地对身边人说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">悬案,不出十年将以战争来解决!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">” <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" align=left><A name=8></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 几乎活捉蒋介石</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 29年初国军编谴会议不够公平,不欢而散。各方军事摩擦不断,各方人士云集太原,永昌深虑阎陷于是非之场,进言:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">今特为公进三言:第一,你不要有上台作领袖的心。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">阎称:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">我没有这个心。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">第二,你不要轻视蒋介石</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。阎问:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">怎么讲?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">他说:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">蒋介石在上海待得很久,直如上海人,你为要有看不起他的心。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">第三,你不要去郑州,郑州是一是非之场。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">阎不听劝,在永昌回北平前一天去了郑州。腊月永昌回并,又劝阎:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">现在我只说两句话了。第一,不要走打仗的路。第二,如一定要打仗,不要与我商作战的事,不要用我作指挥官。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">并告他和阎签字的张学良的代表和张关系不一定深,如何能代表这样的大事。当时阎尚无决心作战,演变的结果,骑上虎背,兵戎相见,吃了败仗。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 永昌感于阎的知遇,劝阻不能之际,接受了指挥陇海线军事之任。当时兵分三路,阎指挥津浦路,冯指挥平汉路,永昌与陆钟麟指挥陇海路。归其指挥者以阎部为主,冯部次之,共约十五万人。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 对方阵容:蒋介石指挥各军在陇海与永昌对阵。北方陇海线数月战事,进退自如。南方则深感旷日持久。蒋介石当时的随从秘书周佛海后来在《往矣集》回忆:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">陇海方面,好几次由正面举行中央突破,但因为阎冯的壕沟,又宽又深,损失很大,死伤很多,终不能进展寸步。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">……</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">当人们驻在归德的时候,有天晚上我从梦中被枪声和很大的轰炸声所惊醒。只听见侍卫长王世和大呼道:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">‘</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">火车头呢?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">’</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">因为正准备开动,所以火车头离开了列车,火车欲开不得。枪声响了半小时始息。后悉是冯兵就是现在的陆军部次长郑大章同志(周此书写于汪伪时代)所指挥的,来袭飞机场。他的任务,烧了飞机就回。谁知那时我们车上只有两百多名宪兵,车站上又没其他军队。如果骑兵(指郑大章军队)达到车站,主帅以下都要被俘。那么那个时候以后的历史,又是另外一种写法。真是气数!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
[ 本帖最后由 徐天奎 于 2009-10-2 11:28 编辑 ]
例文 徐向前元帅
<STRONG>徐向前(1901-1990),原名徐象谦,字子敬,山西五台县人,是伟大的无产阶级革命家,杰出的军事家,政治家。中国人民解放军创建人和领导人之一,中国人民解放军十大元帅之一。 <BR>徐向前小传<BR> 在中华人民共和国十大元帅中,只有一位北方籍元帅,他就是徐向前。1901年11月8日,徐向前出生于山西省五台县的永安村。它位于滹沱河北岸,原名薄家村。他的父亲徐懋准是清末秀才,母亲赵金銮,是一位典型的家庭主妇。<BR> 徐向前在母亲身边长大,伴随着母亲劳动,母亲也就成为他人生中的第一位老师。徐向前的母亲是一个虔诚的佛教徒,勤劳善良,平素经常积德行善,她那贤惠、助邻的行为深深地影响着小象谦。儿时,他幼小的心灵虽然还理解不了那些难以捉摸的深奥的事理,但他从人与人的关系中认识母亲,开始朦朦胧胧地意识到,人与人之间应该相互爱护、和睦相处。父亲的行为同样给徐向前以很大影响。他以父亲为榜样,模仿着以平等的态度对待周围的人。<BR> 少年时的徐向前读了3年多的私塾,《诗经》还未读完,就有了不读“五经”的学校。1914年,他被送到东冶镇陀阳高等小学校去读书。他非常喜爱这所学校,在那里,开始接受新事物。因家境不济,两年后徐向前又回到本村读私塾。即便如此,徐向前的学业也未能继续,一年后徐向前便结束了少年时期的学校生活。这对于一个渴望读书的少年来说无疑是一个沉重的打击。辍学在家的徐向前在无奈之中过早地承担起了成人的重担。16岁至18岁,徐向前在河北省阜平县书店里当学徒,这是他一生中的第一份社会职业。两年艰辛的学徒生涯,磨炼了他顽强的意志和善于忍耐的品格。更重要的是,在此期间,他还阅读了大量的中国古典小说,萌生了为国捐躯的雄心壮志,激发了学军习武的浓厚兴趣。 <BR> 1919年3月,徐向前考入了山西国民师范第一期速成班学习,可以说这是他一生中“时来运转”的第一步。给他带来这次机遇的是中国历史的大变革即辛亥革命后开始兴办贫民教育,也是与他一河之隔的“五台老乡”阎锡山提倡“民智”,大办教育时无意中把他网了进来。他在这里不仅接受了较为系统的智力教育,而且受到了“五四”新文化运动的影响。从国民师范毕业后,徐向前本想一心一意当好教师,但是,世道同他作对,使他不能如愿。 <BR> 1924年,在黑暗中求索的徐向前终于探出一条光明的大道来——成为孙中山创办的黄埔军校的第一批优秀学生,在革命征程上迈出了第一步。在黄埔军校学习时期,徐向前接受了正规军事训练。按学程规定,一个月入伍教育,六个月正式教育,七个月后毕业。课程除典范论、各种条令外还有战术、兵器、筑城、地形和交通通信五大教程。七个月的学习,为徐向前后来在海陆丰、鄂豫皖、川陕以及以后战争中发挥军事才能打下了坚实基础。<BR> 黄埔军校开学不久,徐向前参加了平定广州商团叛乱的战斗。毕业留校期间,他和同学们一道参加了第一次东征。在东征中,徐向前第一次率兵作战,看到学生军中的**员、共青团员不怕流血牺牲的英勇献身精神以及彭湃同志领导的海陆丰农民支援东征军的革命盛况,使他深受鼓舞。 <BR> 1925年,徐向前告别了黄埔军校,开始了他新的军旅生涯。7月,他和白龙亭、赵荣忠、孔少林等来到了驻河南安阳的国民革命军第2军第6混成旅。在这支军队里,他目睹了军阀贪污、吃空名额、军纪败坏的情况,感到非常失望。1926年,他追随着广州国民革命军来到武汉。他从汉口走到武昌,看到标语满目、歌声震天,好一派革命的景象,又重新点燃了他内心革命的火焰。在这里,他担任了学兵团的一名指导员,不久又被任命为武汉军校总队政治大队第一队少校队长。他常常利用工作之余与活跃份子聚在一起,谈理想,谈志向,谈三民主义与共产主义、国民党与**的区别等。他先后阅读了列宁的《二月革命》、《远方来信》,布哈林的《共产主义ABC》,还有瞿秋白、鲁迅的文章。徐向前从读书、交谈和争论中,思想发生了飞跃,他终于认识到:三民主义救不了中国,国民党多是一些官僚政客,昏庸无能,只有**才是中华民族的希望,共产主义才适合中国的国情。1927年3月,在国共合作面临分裂的严重关头,徐向前选定了自己的奋斗方向,由樊炳星、杨得魁两同志介绍,加入了中国**。 <BR> 徐向前经历了大革命的风风雨雨 与广州起义失败的磨炼后,在政治上愈加成熟、坚定。1929年6月,徐向前受党中央派遣,到鄂东北任红1军31师副师长。红31师辖四个大队,300来人,干部大多数是青年农民。领导这样一个部队,徐向前很注意发挥土生土长的“大老粗”的长处,从行军打仗到军民关系,处处以身作则,平易近人,和群众打成一片。这样,徐向前很快受到指战员的爱戴。 <BR> 徐向前刚到任不久,就遇上了敌人的三次围剿。他总结了东江游击战的经验,率领这支弱小队伍同敌人周旋,避强击弱,避实击虚,多打小仗,积小胜为大胜,使“罗李会剿”、“鄂豫会剿”、“徐夏会剿”相继被粉碎,红31师在一次次战斗中得到锻炼,逐渐成长壮大起来。通过三次反围剿,基本上奠定了他的游击战术。1929年11月,在中共鄂豫边第一次党代会上,徐向前总结了海陆丰武装斗争失败的教训和鄂豫边斗争的经验,和戴克敏、曹学楷等同志一道提出了《中共鄂豫边关于军事问题的决议案》。决议案规定了建军和集中作战、分散游击、敌进我退、敌退我进等七项游击战术原则,对鄂豫边红军的发展壮大产生了深远的影响。1930年春,徐向前升任红1军副军长兼红1师师长,他抓住蒋介石与冯玉祥、阎锡山中原大战的有利时机,率红1师三次出击平汉路,连克云梦、光山、罗田等县城,取得了三战三捷三扩编的重大胜利。徐向前的威名从此在红军内部和敌人当中广泛传开。当地群众曾编了歌谣,庆祝这些胜利: <BR> 平汉游击五十天,三战三捷三扩编,红军声势震武汉,革命烽火遍地燃。<BR> 1931年初,红1军与红15军合编组成红4军,徐向前任军参谋长,协助军长旷继勋指挥部队接连挫败国民党军对苏区进行的第一、第二次“围剿”,7月任红四军军长。接着,徐向前与军政委曾中生率部南下,一个月内连克英山、罗田、浠水、广济四城,歼敌七个多团。 <BR> 1931年8月,蒋介石在对中央革命根据地周围增兵的同时,又策划对鄂豫皖区发动新的“围剿”。9月18日,日本帝国主义公然侵占我国东北三省。在这国难当头之际,蒋介石不顾民族利益,一面继续与日本帝国主义妥协,一面聚集兵力蓄谋发动武装进攻,围攻革命新区。鄂豫皖人民在日军侵占国土之际,仍然面临着国民党反动派大规模的“围剿”。 <BR> 为了统一指挥,加强红军建设,准备大规模的作战行动,中共中央决定由红1军和红15军组建红四方面军,下辖四个师、12个团,计3万余人。由徐向前担任总指挥兼红4军军长。1931年11月,中国工农红军第四方面军正式成立。那一天,当宣布徐向前任总指挥时,全场掌声雷动,一片欢腾。年仅30岁的徐总指挥,穿着平整的灰布军装,检阅了部队,显得雄壮威武。徐总指挥检阅后发表了简短有力的讲话,指出:红四方面军的成立,是鄂豫皖苏区红军进一步发展壮大的标志,是党领导鄂豫皖苏区人民和广大红军指战员四年英勇斗争的胜利成果。他号召全体指战员,要团结一心,戒骄戒躁,为彻底粉碎敌人的“围剿”而努力奋斗。红四方面军的成立,是鄂豫皖革命根据地发展史上的一件大事,自然也是徐向前革命生涯中的一件大事。从此,他的名字和红四方面军紧密联系在一起。不久,徐向前组织指挥了黄安战役、商潢战役、苏家埠战役、潢光战役,歼敌正规军近四十个团,红军发展到4万余人。 <BR> 鄂豫皖红军力量的大发展,严重威胁敌人的腹心统治地区——武汉、南京等地,引起国民党阵营的极大恐慌。蒋介石于1932年亲自出马,调集二十四个师30余万兵力,部署第四次“围剿”,企图一鼓荡平鄂豫皖根据地。此时,张国焘等人积极推行王明的“左”的路线,拒不采纳徐向前同志关于休整部队、作好反“围剿"准备的建议,而是强令红军南下围攻麻城,进逼武汉。徐向前和红军被张国焘捆住了手脚,不能进行擅长的运动战,而去强行攻坚。这样就使红军陷入被动地位。红四方面军在两个月作战中,行程3000里,几乎无日不战。红军多次陷入险境,徐向前临危不惧,指挥果断,常常使红军化险为夷,转危为安。1932年寒冬,红四方面军1.4万余人在徐向前总指挥的率领下,渡汉水,攀乌道,越秦岭,战寒风,翻越人迹罕至的大巴山,直下通江县城,开创川陕革命根据地。<BR> 1932年2月中旬,蒋介石委任川军副军长田颂尧、总指挥孙震纠集三十八个团近6万兵力,分三个纵队,向川陕根据地发动了三路围攻。在作战的第一个月中,我军收缩阵地,敌人虽占巴中、南江两地,却付出了近8000人伤亡的代价,士气大挫。我军达到了迟滞和消耗敌人的目的。敌人经过一个月的休整、补充,不久又发动全线进攻。红四方面军在徐向前的指挥下,集中兵力,诱敌深入,放弃通江,退到通江以北地区。敌人竟以为我军“溃不成军”,再次展开全线进攻。我军再次完成了收紧阵地的任务。此时,我军集中主力部队,在老林中开辟道路迂回敌之侧后,出其不意,一举在余家湾击溃敌人主力。经过战胜敌人三路围攻的胜利战斗,群众的革命热情空前高涨,到处呈现出一派欣欣向荣的景象。红军也得到了大大地补充,地方武装也随之建立起来了。 <BR> 收紧阵地的战法是徐向前的一个创新。它是一种有阵地依托的诱敌深入,是节节抗击的诱敌深入。根据实际情况确定作战方针,完全符合马克思主义的军事辩证法。 <BR> 粉碎了敌人三路围剿后,红四方面军在木门召开军事会议,总结了粉碎围攻的经验教训,并提出整编队伍,加强队伍,提高战斗素质,为粉碎敌人的新围攻和发展川陕根据地作好准备。会后,红四方面军扩编为四个军。徐向前任总指挥。 <BR> 1933年11月至1934年8月底,我军连续发起了三次进攻战役,即仪南战役、营渠战役、宣达战役,又一次粉碎了敌20余万人的六路围攻,取得了歼敌8万余人的辉煌战绩。田颂尧等部受到了沉重打击,川陕根据地进入全盛时期。 <BR> 1934年,中央红军因第五次反“围剿”失败,开始了战略转移。消息传到红四方面军,领导人都深为震动。徐向前纵观全国红军的处境,感到中国革命又处在一个严重困难的关头。他期望中央红军行动顺利,也为红四方面军的前景担忧。川陕苏区虽取得了辉煌的战绩,但经过十个月的战争消耗,徐向前和他指挥的红军面临着严峻的考验——兵员、物力、财力短缺,大巴山下到处是荒芜的土地,伤寒、痢疾等疾病威胁着人们的生命。在这样严峻形势下,徐向前果断提出下一步的行动计划,即依托老区,发展新区,以打击胡宗南部为主要任务,夺取甘南成县、康县等地区,将川陕根据地发展为陕川甘根据地。徐向前提出更改战略计划,着眼于:川、陕、甘边的胡宗南部战斗力较强,但同四川军阀和陕南西北军均有矛盾,处境孤立。该部又是蒋介石的“川陕会剿”的嫡系主力部队;甘南等地位于汉水和白龙江流域,人口较多,也较富庶,利于红军摆脱眼前的物资和兵员问题;依托老区,向川陕甘边发展,进退自由,回旋余地大,不致造成后方作战的危险。 <BR> 于是,红四方面军趁胡宗南部刚入川,立足未稳,先取广昭,发动了广昭战役。同时,红四方面军为了配合中央红军的作战,在严重关头,徐向前率部队强渡嘉陵江,冲破了“川陕会剿”的敌军拦截,在川西懋功与红一方面军胜利会师。 <BR> 两军会师后,徐向前忙于打开北进的通道,这时党内出现了严重的分歧:张国焘不满中央的北进方针,强令四方面军南下。经劝说无效,党中央率红1、3军团单独北进,徐向前不忍目睹四方面军一分为二,遂率右路军随张国焘踏上生死未卜的南下之路。在南下的岁月里,徐向前与朱德等同志同张国焘的错误路线进行了有理、有节的斗争,最后在共产国际的帮助下,张国焘不得不同意北上。1936年6月,红二、四方面军在甘孜地区会合后共同北上。10月9日,徐向前率部抵达甘肃会宁,与红一方面军会合,红军三大主力在会宁胜利会师。此次会师,标志着胜利结束了长征,在中国革命史上揭开了新的一页。 <BR> 1936年10月,红军三大主力会师后,为实现打通苏联道路之目的,奉中央军委的命令,徐向前率红军第9军、30军、5军强渡黄河,直取宁夏,后因苏联物援受阻,中央决定放弃取宁夏计划,命河西部队组成西路军,徐向前任总指挥,伺机进取新疆,接应苏联外援。不久,西路军于河西走廊遭反动军阀“马家军”重围,徐向前指挥西路军孤军奋战四个月,终因弹尽粮绝,兵败祁连山下。此次西征是一次无后方依托的孤军征战。徐向前率西路军于河西走廊上上演了一部悲壮之歌。 <BR> 1937年7月7日,卢沟桥事变爆发,日本帝国主义全面侵华战争开始了。徐向前为“七.七”事变的枪声所震动。他在沙场上 <BR>与蒋介石的“剿匪”###军已对垒了10年。然而,卢沟桥的一声枪响,民族仇恨超越了阶级对立,他积极拥护中共中央确定的国共合作、建立民族统一战线、共同抗日的方针,决定放下旧仇,共雪民族之大耻。在8月召开的洛川会议上,红军改名为“国民革命军第八路军”,徐向前任129师副师长。会后,毛泽东对徐向前说:“你是山西人,和阎锡山是同乡,下一步,你和周恩来同志去太原,做做阎锡山的工作。”这样,徐向前随同周恩来、朱德、彭德怀等人来到了太原。徐向前和周恩来一样,夜以继日地工作,会见各界人士,深入群众,利用一切机会宣传**的抗日主张,在周恩来领导下,同阎锡山的谈判进展顺利。阎锡山同意成立第二战区民族革命战争动员会,并答应为八路军建立晋察冀抗日前线提供方便。 <BR> 从此,徐向前与刘伯承、邓小平一道,大刀阔斧地展开了创建以太行山为依托的晋冀豫抗日根据地的工作。在三个月的时间里,取得了显著成绩:建立了抗日民主政权,迅速发展了抗日武装,积极开展游击战,打击了日军的嚣张气焰。在刘伯承、邓小平、徐向前的领导下,129师先后取得了凤凰山战斗、长生口战斗、神头岭战斗、反六路围攻、响堂铺战斗和反九路围攻的胜利,累计歼敌近7000人。此战后,日寇被赶出了晋东南,以太行山区为中心的晋冀豫抗日根据地基本形成了。 <BR> 1938年4月,毛泽东给刘伯承、邓小平、徐向前发了电报,要他们在河北平原开展游击战争。徐向前接受了任务,告别了刘伯承、邓小平,率部队挺进冀南,来到了一马平川的河北大平原。徐向前从戎十余载,多在山区转战,对山地的作战指挥可说已驾轻就熟。来到大平原后,没有了大山的依托,游击战争怎么展开呢?这是摆在徐向前和战士前面的一个新课题。徐向前并没有被困难吓倒。他亲自调查冀南的民情、民俗,找干部、群众谈话,并与宋任穷、刘志坚等领导人研究如何开展平原游击战争问题。最终他与干部的思想不谋而合:人民群众才是最高的山,最大的森林,要坚持抗战,要生存发展,就要依靠人民群众,在平原上造“人山”。徐向前写了《开展河北的游击战争》一文,阐述了建立“人山”的思想。这是一篇开展平原游击战争的精辟论著,处处闪烁着毛泽东军事思想的光辉。它不仅对冀南有直接的指导作用,也为全党提供了坚持和发展平原游击战争的重要经验。 <BR> 徐向前在冀南一年多的时间里,与宋任穷、刘志坚、杨秀峰等同志亲密合作,打开了冀南的抗日局面,妥善处理了许多复杂问题。根据地发展到西起平汉路、东至运河、南起豫北、北至滹沱河以南的广大地区,人口逾800万。 <BR> 1939年6月初,徐向前奉命赴山东,任国民革命军第18集团军第1纵队司令员,统一指挥山东和苏北、皖北八路军各部队,坚持抗日游击战争。在此期间,他联合抗日民族力量,并与国民党顽固派展开摩擦与反摩擦斗争,广泛建立地方政权,有力地抗击了日寇对山东的新“扫荡”。 <BR> 抗日战争胜利不久,蒋介石就在美帝国主义支持下发动了内战。根据中央军委的命令,徐向前调任晋冀鲁豫军区副司令员,不久又任华北军区副司令员。在此期间,他克服刘邓大军挺进中原、晋冀鲁豫军区兵力不足的困难,一面与太岳军区司令员王新亭一道组建新的兵团,一面指挥部队参战,借此训练部队作战能力。为更好地完成解放山西的任务,徐向前率部先攻破运城,拔除了阎锡山的晋南屏障。二打素有“蜗牛城”之称的临汾。临汾战役中我军付出较大的伤亡代价,但取得了宝贵的攻城经验。徐向前当时以“伤亡大、胜利大、锻炼大”之语评价临汾战役。第三仗是晋中决战。在此战中,徐向前成功运用了灵活机动的战略战术,创造了以寡敌众,以少胜多的范例,也是运动战的典范之作。1949年4月,时任华北野战军第1兵团司令员的徐向前率部向太原发动总攻,此役共消灭敌人13.8万余人,盘踞山西达38年之久的阎锡山政权宣告灭亡。 <BR> 徐向前从太原走出,又回到太原,为家乡人民的解放事业立下了不朽的功勋。 <BR> 建国后,徐向前被任命为中国人民解放军总参谋长。徐向前深深体会到了中央、毛主席对他的信任和关怀。他深知自己肩上的责任重大,却又被病魔缠身,不能赴命,心急如焚。此后,他带着疾病同中华人民共和国一道,经历了漫长而艰苦的斗争岁月。1954年,他被任命为中央军委副主席。1955年,他被授予元帅军衔。<BR> 1966-1976年的文化大革命中,徐向前与林彪、江青反革命集团进行了坚决斗争。<BR> 1967年1月24日夜,毛家湾的林彪住宅突然来了位闯入者。林彪虽然不高兴,但一看是徐向前来了,就以元帅见元帅的礼节欢迎徐向前。徐向前元帅说了军政机关被造反派冲击的事,请做为中央军委第一副主席和国防部长的林彪来制止这类事。林彪也怕军队太乱没法向毛主席交代,就商量制订《军委八条》,制止造反派的激进行为。毛主席做了部分有益的修改后批准了。 <BR> 同年2月11-16日,叶剑英、徐向前、谭震林、陈毅和李先念等老帅老将在中南海怀仁堂当面怒斥林、江反革命集团乱党乱军的做法。徐向前质问道:“军队是无产阶级专政的支柱。你们这样乱下去,还要不要这个支柱?!”虽然他们的行为被四人帮诬为“二月逆流”,毛主席也很生气,但终究还是保护了他们。但是,徐向前仍然两次被抄家。1971年林彪叛逃摔死后,毛主席说二月逆流是老帅不满林彪发牢骚,等于为徐向前元帅平反。<BR> 1979年,徐向前决策了对越自卫反击战。1988年,他为支持邓小平使干部年轻化的政策,主动辞去了中央军委副主席、中华人民共和国国务院副总理等职。<BR> 1990年9月21日凌晨4时21分,徐向前元帅与世长辞。从此,中国人民失去了一位德高望重的政治家,军旅中陨落了一颗璀璨的将帅之星。 <BR>徐向前年表<BR> 1924年04月考入黄埔军校第一期。毕业后留校任排长。<BR> 1925年春,参加讨伐军阀陈炯明的第一次东征。后到国民军第二军第6混成旅任教官、参谋、团副等职。<BR> 1926年11月到武汉后,任南湖学兵团指导员。<BR> <BR>国内革命战争时期<BR> 1927年03月,加入中国**。<BR> 1927年4月任武汉中央军事政治学校队长。曾率学生队参加攻打叛军夏斗寅部,后被派往张发奎部任司令部参谋。<BR> 1927年后,历任工人赤卫队第6联队队长,工农革命军第4师第10团党代表,4师参谋长、师长等职。<BR> 1929年06月,被中共中央军事委员会派往鄂东北,先后任中国工农红军第31师副师长,中共鄂豫边特委委员,鄂豫边革命委员会军事委员会主席。<BR> 1930年春,任第一军副军长兼第1师师长。<BR> 1931年初,第一军与第十五军合编为第四军,他任军参谋长。协助军长邝继勋等指挥部队连续挫败国民党军对鄂豫皖苏区第一、第二次“围剿”。<BR> 1931年07月,任第四军军长。<BR> 1931年11月,当选为中华苏维埃共和国中央革命军事委员会委员,任第四方面军总指挥兼第四军军长。组织指挥了一系列战役,粉碎了国民党军对鄂豫皖苏区的第三次“围剿”。<BR> 1932年10月,由于敌人强大和张国焘战略指导的错误,鄂豫皖红军未能打破国民党军的第四次“围剿”,四方面军主力2万多人被迫撤出鄂豫皖苏区,开辟川陕革命根据地。<BR> 1933年11月至1934年8月,指挥所部抗击国民党军20多万人的“六路围攻”。<BR> 1934年02月,被选为中华苏维埃共和国中央执行委员。<BR> 1935年06月,第一、四方面军会师后,被任命为红军前敌总指挥部总指挥。曾获金质红星奖章。<BR> 1936年07月,第四方面军与第二方面军会师后,任中共中央西北局委员。<BR> 1936年8月,再次率军北上,指挥了通(渭)庄(浪)静(宁)会(宁)战役。会宁会师后,中央军委指示,第四方面军一部西渡黄河,执行宁夏战役计划。<BR> 1936年11月,奉军委命令任西路军军政委员会副主席兼西路军总指挥。<BR> 抗日战争时期,<BR> 出席了中共中央在洛川召开的政治局扩大会议,被选为中共中央革命军事委员会委员。<BR> 1937年8月,任八路军第129师副师长。<BR> 1938年4月,率第129师和第115师各一部进入河北省南部,创建冀南抗日根据地。<BR> 1939年6月到山东,任八路军第1纵队司令员,统一指挥山东的中共抗日武装,大名威镇日寇和伪军,抗战结束前,日伪和国民党一直称山东八路军为"徐向前部".<BR> 大力整顿山东纵队,极大地扩大和充实了115师部队,为打开山东局面奠定基础.<BR> 提出"人山""人海"的游击观点,解决了八路军在平原游击作战的根本理论难题.<BR> 1942年任陕甘宁晋绥联防军副司令员,后任抗日军政大学代理校长。<BR> 解放战争时期,<BR> 先后任晋冀鲁豫军区副司令员、华北军区副司令员兼第一兵团(后改为人民解放军第十八兵团)司令员兼政治委员。<BR> 1948年3~5月,指挥临汾战役,以大部分新组建之部队,攻克设防坚固的临汾城。<BR> 1948年6~7月指挥晋中战役,以6万兵力歼国民党军10万余人,解放县城14座。<BR> 1948年10月到1949年4月初,带病组织指挥太原战役,任太原前线司令部司令员兼政治委员、中共太原前线总前委书记。<BR> 中华人民共和国建立后,<BR> 任人民解放军总参谋长。<BR> 1954年起,任中央人民政府人民革命军事委员会副主席,国防委员会副主席。<BR> 1955年被授予中华人民共和国元帅军衔和一级八一勋章、一级独立自由勋章、一级解放勋章。<BR> 1965年起,任第三、第四届全国人大常委会副委员长。<BR> 1966~1987年任中共中央军委副主席。参与领导军队革命化、现代化、正规化建设和国防建设。<BR> 文化大革命期间,同林彪、江青反革命集团进行了坚决斗争。<BR> 1978~1980年,任国务院副总理兼国防部部长。<BR> 1983年6月至1988年4月为中华人民共和国中央军委副主席。<BR> 中共第七至第十二届中央委员,第八届(十一中全会补选)、第十一届、第十二届中央政治局委员。<BR> 1990年9月21日在北京逝世。 <BR>军事才能<BR> 徐向前出将入相,德才兼备,虽因张国焘的问题,长期低调做人,但他在战场上的创造力,治军能力,军事思想等都是中国 <BR>人民解放军的宝贵财富。<BR> 在国共两军的黄埔学生中,徐向前是第一个当上方面军军事主官的,也是红军时期方面军指挥员中最年轻的,年仅30岁就成为方面军总指挥。同时期国共两军的方面军战区一级指挥员也就数他最年轻。<BR> 徐向前的主要军事业绩是创建鄂豫皖根据地和红四方面军。指挥过的部队包括了第二野战军(四方面军总指挥、129师副师长)、第一野战军(陕甘宁联防军副司令)、第四野战军(担任第一纵队司令员指挥过115师主力)、第三野战军(指挥过山东纵队,后来成为山东野战军,再成为华东野战军主要来源之一,许世友、聂凤智、王建安,华东9纵-27军等等,都是山东部队),华北野战军(18兵团司令员兼华北军区第一副司令)。部下也是猛将如云,如许世友、陈锡联、陈再道、王近山和秦基伟等等都是在他手下成长的。1955年的将帅里,出自红四方面军的占多数。 <BR> 徐向前指挥的苏家阜大捷是红军时期最成功的围点打援的范例。反六路围攻是红四方面军军战史上歼敌数量最多的一次战役,徐向前以8万人对川军20余万,最后击溃川军20万,歼灭10万。徐向前在反六路围攻中用的“收紧阵地”战法,在中国战争史上一次发明和实践。也是他军事生涯的一座里程碑。在解放战争中,他攻克太原、临汾解放山西大部,他杰出的军事才华再次展现。 <BR> 徐向前指挥的临汾战役是解放战争中规模最大的一次使用坑道爆破战术攻克城市的范例。晋中战役,徐向前用6万人一个月歼敌10万,是整个解放战争中最成功地运用灵活机动的运动战术以少胜多的范例之一。 <BR> 太原战役是解放战争中攻克的敌人设防最严密、阵地最坚固、难度最大的城市攻坚战。同时,也是解放战争中,唯一一次中国人民解放军兵力少于对方的(解放军约10万: 国军13万),而且火力也远远不如敌军,却敢于主动攻城且能够实现长期围城的大型战役。其他所有的城市攻坚战,解放军无不是兵力火力皆占据绝对优势下才敢攻城。而当时解放军其他部队,都是用集中优势兵力消灭敌人的原则进行战斗的。而徐向前却用一年半时间,用6万地方部队起家,全歼山西敌军近30万。 <BR>徐向前相比其余将帅的突出特点<BR> 一、红军时期,在国共两军的黄埔学生中,徐是第一个当上方面军军事主官的。国军中的黄埔生最大的也就胡宗南,当时不过是第一师师长,陈赓只是个师长,林彪不过是军团长。 <BR> 二、徐是红军时期方面军指挥员中最年轻的,年仅30岁就成为方面军总指挥。同时期国共两军的方面军/战区一级指挥员也就数他最年轻。 <BR> 三、红军第一次歼灭国民党一个整师,就是徐指挥的双桥镇战役,活捉了岳维峻。当时徐虽只是参谋长,但是军长旷继勋当时初来乍到且水平不行,作战计划和前线指挥主要都是依靠徐向前。 <BR> 四、徐指挥的苏家阜大捷是红军时期最成功的围点打援的第一光辉范例。 <BR> 五、反六路围攻是红军战史上歼敌数量最多的一次战役,徐以八万人对川军二十余万,最后击溃川军二十万,歼灭十万。 <BR> 六、在所有红军将领中,徐向前是指挥过的部队数量是最多的,指挥红四方面军八万雄师。同一时期,彭德怀、林彪不过是个指挥一两万人的军团长,刘伯承是总参谋长基本上没有直接带过兵,粟裕不过是一个军团参谋长。贺龙的二方面军人数及影响力都远不及徐的四方面军。聂荣臻是军团政委,罗荣桓只是军团政治部主任。 <BR> 后来的华北19兵团司令杨成武当时不过是个团政委,还有许多后来的解放战争中的兵团司令,开国后的上将,当时不过是团级干部,如黄永胜、韩先楚等。而徐向前手下的团长团政委,恐怕最少有上百个。 <BR> 七、徐是第一个指挥过飞机的解放军高级将领。 <BR> 八、徐在反六路围攻中用的“收紧阵地”战法,在中国战争史上是徐第一次发明并成功实践。 <BR> 九、抗战中,徐指挥的响堂铺战斗是当时八路军一次战斗击毁日军汽车最多的。 <BR> 十、担任八路军第一纵队司令员时期,徐是八路军中指挥的部队人数最多,地位最高的相当于方面军一级的军事主官(同时指挥山东、苏北、淮北各路共军,包括山东纵队和115师)。 <BR> 十一、临汾战役是解放战争中规模最大的一次使用坑道爆破战术攻克城市的范例。 <BR> 十二、晋中战役,徐用六万人一个月歼敌十万,是整个解放战争中最成功地运用灵活机动的运动战术以少胜多的光辉范例之一。 <BR> 十三、太原战役是解放战争中攻克的敌人设防最严密、阵地最坚固、难度最大的城市攻坚战。同时,也是解放战争中第一次也是唯一一次我军兵力少于?军(K:解放军约10万: 国军13万),而且火力也远远不如敌军,却敢于主动攻城且能够实现长期围城的大型战役。其他所有的城市攻坚战,我军无不是兵力火力皆占据绝对优势下才敢攻城。 <BR> 十四、徐向前用一年半的时间,用六万地方部队做本钱起家,全歼山西敌军近三十万。这种投入产出比、“资本收益率”,在解放战争中应该算是最高的。 <BR> 十五、徐在解放军历史上恐怕是唯一一个把总参谋长、国防部长(兼国务院副总理)、军委第一副主席这三个最高军职全部当遍了的军人。这个记录至今还没有人能破。 <BR> 十六、徐在军中培养的门生弟子数量最多,势力最为庞大(当然他从来不搞帮派)。他指挥过的山头包括了二野(四方面军总指挥、129师副师长)、一野(陕甘宁联防军副司令)、四野(担任第一纵队司令员指挥过115师主力)、三野(指挥过山东纵队,后来成为山东野战军,再成为华东野战军主要来源之一,许世友、聂凤智、王建安,华东9纵-27军等等,都是山东部队),北野(18兵团司令员兼华北军区第一副司令)。 可见,解放军五个大山头,徐统统指挥过,说门生部属遍全军实在不为过分。而且,他手下还出过一个国家主席(李先念)、一个总书记(胡耀邦),以及陈锡联(1976年毛主席钦定的军事一把手),后来的秦基伟(国防部长),刘华清(14届政治局常委,军委副主席)这样的经历,其他将帅谁有过? <BR> 十七、临汾旅是全军唯一一个被军委授予荣誉称号的师级单位。 <BR> 十八、徐是解放军历史上的经历最为丰富,长期屹立不倒的四朝元老,张国焘、毛泽东、华国锋、邓小平时代,许多老帅要不是在政治运动中倒下,要不就是身体不行长期休养,只有徐一直都担任重要军职。只有聂荣臻差不多可以与他相比。<BR> 十九。徐元帅一生革命,始终保持革命者朴实无华的本色。 <BR>【被埋没的军事天才——徐向前】<BR> 对于徐向前元帅,大家也许会感到陌生。因为一直以来,人们心目中善于打仗的将领无非是林彪、彭德怀、刘伯承这些人。<BR> 其实,无论在指挥艺术还是胆略方面,他们跟徐向前比起来,都差了那么一截。<BR> 徐向前确实是一位难得的军事天才,他是中共最能打仗的两位军事家之一(另一位是粟裕大将)。<BR> 只是由于种种原因,徐向前的功绩被淡化了,他那曾经威震敌胆的英雄事迹和赫赫战功,被官方宣传和历史教科书有意无意地隐去了,所以人们不了解他并不奇怪。<BR> 这篇文章就是要介绍徐向前这位被埋没的天才军事家、解放军最优秀的将领,希望能够还历史一个真实的面目。<BR> 一、徐向前略传<BR> 徐向前(1901—1990),山西五台人,黄埔军校第一期毕业。<BR> 1929年,徐向前受命赴湖北开创鄂豫边区根据地。<BR> 1931年11月,徐向前出任中国工农红军第四方面军总指挥,时年30岁。期间,他成功运用“围点打援”战法,指挥红军先后取得了黄安、商潢、苏家埠、潢光四大战役的胜利,歼灭国民党军队6万余人。<BR> 1932年,徐向前率部西征,开辟了川陕根据地。期间,他先后指挥了反三路围攻、仪南、营渠、宣达、反六路围攻、强渡嘉陵江等著名战役,歼灭国党军队10余万人。<BR> 1936年10月,徐向前任西路军总指挥。因中央军委的战略错误,加上前线指挥员缺乏机断专行的权力,西路军最终全军覆没。<BR> 1937年抗战爆发后,徐向前先后担任八路军129师副师长、第一纵队司令员,参与创建了太行、冀南、山东等抗日根据地。<BR> 1940年,中央害怕尾大不掉,以召开七大的名义将徐向前召回延安,并任命其为晋绥联防军副司令员、抗日军政大学校长,从此不再担任方面军大员。<BR> 1947年6月,徐向前病中请缨,来到山西指挥作战,先后担任晋冀鲁豫军区第一副司令员、华北军区第一副司令员、华北第一兵团司令员兼政委等职务。在短短一年半的时间内,徐向前以惊人的毅力,在担架上抱病指挥,仅凭刘邓大军走后留下的6万地方部队,先后取得了运城、临汾、晋中、太原四大战役的胜利,消灭阎锡山部队近30万,山西获得完全解放。<BR> 1949年,新中国成立,徐向前出任我军首任总参谋长。<BR> 1955年,徐向前被授予元帅军衔。<BR> 1978年,徐向前担任国务院副总理兼国防部部长。<BR> 1990年9月,一代元戎徐向前在北京逝世,享年89岁。<BR> 二、赫赫战功,独特的指挥艺术<BR> 据刘伯承元帅之子刘太行回忆,刘帅生前曾经说过:我军有两个人最会打仗,一个是徐总指挥,一个是粟司令。<BR> 这是一个非常公正的评价。<BR> 作为解放军最优秀的将领,徐向前有着过人的胆识,敢于打大仗、硬仗、恶仗;他有超人的谋略,善于以弱敌强,以少歼多,出奇制胜,运动歼敌。<BR> 徐向前指挥的红四方面军,先后开创了全国三大苏区中的鄂豫皖和川陕两大苏区,为中国革命做出了不可磨灭的贡献。<BR> 徐向前指挥的红四方面军,是战斗力最强悍、战绩最辉煌的红军。在最为艰难的红军战史上,全国红军的歼敌总数为60余万人,而徐向前指挥的红四方面军,其歼敌数就有近40万人,占红军歼敌总数的60% 。<BR> 徐向前不仅善于指挥作战,其军事理论也极富创造性。他是我军唯一一位不受毛泽东影响,由自己独立创造并形成完整军事思想体系的杰出军事家。<BR> 早在鄂豫皖时期,徐向前就和戴克敏共同起草了《军事问题决议案》,将红军的游击战争经验概括为七条原则:<BR> (1)集中作战,分散游击;(2)红军作战尽量号召群众参加;(3)敌情不明,不与作战;(4)敌进我退,敌退我进;(5)对敌采取跑圈的形式;(6)对远距离的敌人先动员群众扰乱敌人,再采取突击的方式;(7)敌人如有坚固防御工事,不与作战。<BR> 对照毛泽东、朱德在井冈山创造的“十六字诀”,可以发现,它们有着惊人的相似之处,真可谓英雄所见略同。在当时消息闭塞的情况下,能够独立总结出如此相似的作战经验,足以证明徐向前过人的军事才能。<BR> 1930年6月,徐向前率领红一师800余人向平汉路出击,首先袭占了杨家寨车站,郭汝栋第二十军两个连,在睡梦中全部被歼。第二仗在杨平口用诱伏手段全歼郭汝栋一个正规团1200余人,首创鄂豫皖红军歼敌一个团的范例。第三仗夜袭花园镇,全歼敌一个团1400余人。在一个多月内,徐向前指挥红一师,三战三捷三扩编,歼敌4000余人,并使部队发展到3000余人。<BR> 1931年11月,刚刚上任的红四方面军总指挥徐向前,一反过去内线作战、长途奔袭的战法,决定先发制人,围点打援,连续发动黄安、商潢、苏家埠、潢光四大战役,歼灭国民党军队6万余人。<BR> 在商潢战役中,蒋介石的嫡系主力第二师遭到毁灭性打击,该师师长汤恩伯狼狈而逃,险些被俘。<BR> 苏家埠战役历时48天,共歼灭国民党军3万余人,为鄂豫皖红军创建以来的空前大捷,徐向前军事生涯的辉煌篇章。<BR> 蒋介石对鄂豫皖革命根据地发动的第三次“围剿”尚未展开即被粉碎。徐向前的威名,震动了武汉和南京。<BR> 在川陕根据地,徐向前从当地的地势、敌情、我力等条件出发,创造了“收紧阵地”这一运动战和阵地战相结合的反围攻作战形式,它与中央苏区反“围剿”作战的“诱敌深入”战法也有相似之处。按照这一方针,徐向前指挥红军打破了敌人的“三路围攻”和“六路围攻”。其中反“六路围攻”战役歼敌8万余,创下了红军歼灭战的最高纪录。<BR> 1935年3月至4月,徐向前发动强渡嘉陵江战役。红四方面军在徐向前的指挥下,勇猛顽强,神速果断,连克阆中、南部、剑阁、昭化、梓潼、平武、彰明、北川等8座县城,控制了东起嘉陵江、西至涪江纵横二三百里的广大地区,共歼川军12个多团1万余人,为中央红军入川造成了极为有利的条件,创造了红军战史上大规模强渡江河作战的范例。<BR> 假如没有强渡嘉陵江战役,假如没有红四方面军的强力配合,中央红军极有可能重演石达开全军覆没的悲剧。<BR> 1935年8月,毛泽东、徐向前率领右路军进抵班佑地区。徐向前主动请缨,发起包座战役,运用“攻城打援”战法,歼灭蒋介石嫡系胡宗南部5000余人,打开了北上通道,并且缴获了大批牦牛、骡马、粮食、弹药等红军急需的军用物资。<BR> 最难能可贵的是,红四方面军指战员在过草地后忍受着饥饿和疲劳,在敌我兵力相当,且武器装备不如敌人的情况下,仍然打了一个漂亮的歼灭战,表现出极其惊人的攻击精神,获得了伟大领袖毛泽东的高度赞扬。<BR> 1938年春,徐向前率一部兵力去冀南创建抗日根据地,他创造性地贯彻毛泽东关于发展平原游击战争的指示,首次提出“创造平原地‘人山’”的战略思想,有力地推动了冀南地区游击战争的发展,为中国**领导的游击战争提供了新鲜经验。<BR> 解放战争时期,徐向前用坑道爆破的方法攻克山西重镇临汾,接着又以6万之众横扫晋中,运用包抄、围攻、声东击西、前牵后逼等灵活机动的战术,将阎锡山的精锐野战兵团大部歼灭,把战线一直推进到太原城下。<BR> 在1948年9月的中央政治局扩大会议上,毛泽东听到徐向前汇报晋中战役情况时插话说:“唉呀!你们还不到6万人,一个月消灭阎锡山10万,单是正规军就搞掉他8个整旅。你说一说,你们那个晋中战役是怎么打的?”话语中充满了对徐向前指挥才能的赞扬。<BR> 从外表上看,徐向前温文尔雅,甚至有些腼腆木讷。实际上,徐向前的指挥风格与其外表恰成鲜明对比。<BR> 在广州起义和海陆丰的艰苦战斗中,他锻炼出非凡的勇气和丰富的战斗经验。他刚到鄂豫皖任副师长时,师长已牺牲,部队也只有黄麻起义后留下的300多名农民战士。头一次带队上阵,敌人的机枪扫过来,没经验的战士都趴在地上不敢抬头,徐向前却站在那里岿然不动,从此在部队中树立起威信。此后,哪里战斗激烈,他就拿着驳壳枪出现在哪里。曾任红四方面军第三十军政委的李先念回忆说:“向前具有惊人的军事胆略,从不知恐惧为何物。越是大仗、硬仗、恶仗来临,他越是生龙活虎,精神百倍。”红四方面军善打硬仗、恶仗,是跟徐向前的指挥风格分不开的。<BR> 越是硬仗越向前。他的这股硬劲,在1948年的临汾战役中表现得更加淋漓尽致。是役,他根据解放军炮火不强、城坚难摧的情况,决定采用“土行孙战法”,依靠坑道爆破解决战斗。当部队以土工作业逼近主城墙时,敌人用一切手段破坏。解放军共挖掘爆破坑道十五条,掩护坑道四十余条,除去被敌人破坏部分外,最后只有三条坑道能挖至城墙下,部队伤亡很大。关键时刻,徐向前号召“要坚持最后五分钟”,他对部下说:“就是胡子白了,也要打下临汾!”总攻时,两条坑道内所装一万八千斤炸药同时点火,将厚厚的城墙炸开两个五十多米宽的口子,八纵二十三旅首先突入城内,战后被命名为“临汾旅”,为我军唯一被中央军委授予荣誉称号的师(旅)级作战单位,也是我军部队中被中央军委授予荣誉称号的最大作战单位。此役为解放战争中最为典型的坑道爆破攻城战术。<BR> 徐向前极善于带兵,特别是能在短期内将素质较差的地方部队整训成无坚不摧的雄师劲旅。<BR> 他到鄂豫皖才两年多,便将只有300多人的农民武装带成拥有4万人的红四方面军。<BR> 1932年底,徐向前率领四方面军千里转战,创建了川陕根据地,仅用两年时间,就使部队由1万4千人发展到8万之众。<BR> 1947年,刘邓大军南下后,徐向前将晋冀鲁豫的6万地方部队集中起来,编成华北第一兵团,接着发动凌厉攻势:下运城,克临汾,横扫晋中,围攻太原,一路凯歌,所向无前,显示出极其旺盛的攻击力。<BR> 徐向前治军严明,军令如山,特别注重部队战斗作风的培养。<BR> 在作战过程中,他特别要求“咬紧牙关”、“硬着头皮打”、“坚持最后五分钟”、“跑不动爬也要爬到战斗岗位上”。<BR> 他经常说:“当一个指挥员,尤其是高级指挥员,要胆大心细,抓住战机,英勇果断,不顾一切!”、“作战之前静如处子,缜密思考,周到部署;一上战场,要胆大包天,像出山猛虎,不吞掉敌人,决不罢休。”、“对于弱敌,要把它当强敌来打;对于强敌,要把它当更强的敌人来打”。<BR> 他强调:“打歼灭战对敌人要狠!对自己指挥的部队,在歼灭敌人的行动上,也要狠!不怕疲劳、伤亡和消耗。”、“你觉得自己最艰苦、上不去、顶不住的时候,往往也是敌人最困难的时候,谁能硬着头皮打,坚持到最后,谁就能胜利。”<BR> 徐向前就是这样把红四方面军培养成一支攻如猛虎,守如泰山,敢打硬仗恶仗的钢铁雄师。后来的华北第一兵团就是直接继承了红四方面军的战斗作风,乃是典型的徐向前风格。<BR> 三、林彪、刘伯承、彭德怀,与徐向前的比较<BR> 一直以来,人们往往把林彪、彭德怀、刘伯承等人当作我军最杰出的军事家,其实,他们无论是指挥艺术还是胆略方面,都比不上徐向前。<BR> 林彪打仗的特点是精于计算,不打无把握之仗;擅长指挥游击战和运动战(尤其是奔袭战、追击战);但指挥阵地战底气不足;而且他指挥的大多数战例都是以多打少,以优胜劣,很少有以少胜多的战例。<BR> 最为严重的是,林彪的战略才能不足(虽然有过几次精妙的建议,但总体来看不行),且缺乏作为一名军事统帅应有的胆魄和眼光,在历史上屡犯错误。其中最著名的是提出“红旗能打多久”的疑问,长征中的“会理风波”,抗战初期先是主张“到陕南去打游击”,后又提出要跟日本人“打大规模的运动战”,解放战争中三战四平不下,辽沈战役打锦州时犹豫不决,特别是在中南战争打白崇禧期间所犯错误更多,与陈赓争论事件等等都是其军事生涯的污点。<BR> 最有讽刺意味的是,林彪在东北这个条件最好的根据地上,表现却并不令人满意:<BR> 辽沈战役前,林彪指挥的东北解放军总共歼敌不过40万,这点可怜的战果跟同时期的刘伯承、粟裕等人相比,简直是小巫见大巫。<BR> 辽沈战役,林彪以70余万对敌人55万,歼敌47万;平津战役,林彪以百万大军对敌60万,歼敌52万。比起粟裕在淮海战役中以36万歼敌44万的战绩来,林彪确实逊色不少。<BR> 林彪拥有中共实力最强大的东北野战军,却打出了五大野战军中排名第三的战绩,仅比彭德怀部和聂荣臻部强,其指挥能力实在令人咋舌。<BR> 刘伯承善于打巧仗,用兵灵活机动,出奇制胜,且军事论著丰富。刘帅的代表作有七亘村、神头岭、上党、平汉、陇海、定陶、鄄城、巨金鱼等战役战斗,它们都是中国战争史上的经典战役。<BR> 刘帅的最大缺点就是“巧则巧矣,威猛不足”。当年的虎狼之师红四方面军(后来的刘邓大军)在刘伯承的手下变得“欺软怕硬”,缺乏旺盛的攻击精神,打不得大仗恶仗;后来挺进大别山,部队严重畏敌避战,特别是对于白崇禧的桂系部队,碰都不敢碰。为此刘伯承曾一气之下专门开了一个“安卵子”会议,大骂手下将领“没卵子”。其实“世上没有不能打的兵,只有不能打的将”,主帅的指挥风格对部队战斗作风的影响是决定性的。故毛泽东用刘伯承取代徐向前,在军事上实在不是什么英明之举。<BR> 彭德怀作战勇猛,饶有胆略,用兵灵活,经常以少胜多,但也存在严重不足:有时过于蛮打蛮干,且思虑不密,大胜之后经常大败,虎头蛇尾。百团大战中的关家垴战斗,解放战争时的榆林战役和西府陇东战役、抗美援朝第五次战役皆是如此。<BR> 徐向前用兵最突出的特点就是,敢打大仗恶仗,具有超人的胆略,打歼灭战时“胃口”大得惊人,经常以少胜多,甚至以少歼多,步步出敌不意。<BR> 在苏家埠战役的第二阶段中,徐向前敢以不足2万人的兵力围歼敌2万多人;在川陕苏区“反六路围攻”战役中,他以8万之兵对敌20余万,结果歼敌8万;在临汾战役中,他以数万地方部队围攻72天,硬是将历史上从未被攻破的“卧牛城”一举拿下;接着仅休息20来天,又以6万疲劳之师秘密北上,连续作战,在一个月之内横扫晋中,连克14座县城,歼灭阎锡山军队10万之众;在太原战役中,他又以劣势的兵力长期围困太原城,并攻克太原之重要据点“四大要塞”,歼灭敌人大批有生力量。<BR> 徐向前比其他元帅优秀的地方就表现在这里!<BR> 而最重要的,也是最容易被人们忽视的一点就是,中共大部分将领都是在毛泽东军事思想指导下成长为军事家的。唯独徐向前是个例外,他的军事思想早在红军时期就已经形成,并且自成一家,独具特色,其用兵思路跟毛泽东惊人地一致,可谓英雄所见略同――这就是徐向前比其他元帅更杰出的地方。<BR> 在这方面可以同徐向前相提并论的,唯有粟裕大将。(如果单论战功的话,粟裕甚至已经超过了徐向前,在解放军中无人能比) <BR> 粟裕指挥作战,想他人之不敢想,打他人之不敢打。黄桥战役、天目山战役、孟良崮战役、豫东战役,无不如此。不仅出敌人之不意,有时候甚至毛泽东都想不到(孟良崮和豫东战役)。 <BR> 粟裕不仅善于指挥作战,而且在战略上有独到的见解。解放战争初期建议内线作战;后来建议暂不渡江南进,在中原打大歼灭战;建议进行淮海战役等等。这些卓越的战略建议,对解放战争进程产生了积极而又深远的影响。粟裕是解放战争无可争议的第一功臣--这些,都是粟裕的过人之处,他在中共将领中是独树一帜,独一无二的。 <BR> 以上的结论,只有深入了解各位将帅的事迹及他们的战例之后才能得出,因此遭到非议也是很正常的。毛主席说过“没有调查就没有发言权”,个中曲直,非博学者不能明也。<BR> 四、军事天才被埋没的原因<BR> 为什么徐向前这样一位天才的军事家,在后来的抗战和解放战争中一直得不到重用,最终被埋没呢?<BR> 1935年,长征会师之初,一、四方面军的实力对比为1:8,极为悬殊。毛泽东同志深感自身力量的单薄,对四方面军将领做了大量的争取工作,特别是对徐向前,更是费尽心机。因为四方面军长期在张国焘的训导下,几乎所有将领都成了他的心腹(不服的早都杀光了),因此,尽管中央极力争取,但四方面军多数将领态度还是比较高傲和蛮横,这让毛泽东有些恼火,影响他以后一生中对待四方面军将领们的态度。但其中是有区别的:陈昌浩、王树声、孙玉清、王建安等人对中央表面还算客气,但明显冷淡而且有很深隔阂;黄超、李特、何畏、余天云等人则连基本的礼貌都不讲,根本不把党中央和毛泽东同志等人放在眼里;徐向前、李先念等人态度就比较好,对中央领导比较尊重,所以,他们就成了毛泽东内部“统战”重点争取的对象。<BR> 但徐向前在关键时刻还是选择了跟张国焘走,这让毛泽东有些失望,也使徐向前在此后一生中被毛泽东视为圈子外的人。<BR> 1935年9月,右路军过草地后,红军总政委张国焘为实现其保存红四方面军的实力和控制整个红军的野心,坚持挥兵南下。在这个关键时刻,9月9日晚,毛泽东亲自来到徐向前的住处,问道:“向前同志,你的意见怎么样?”实际上是想看看徐向前的态度。徐向前作了模棱两可的回答:“两军既然已经会合,就不宜再分开,四方面军如分成两半恐怕不好。”毛泽东没再说什么,遂告辞而归。当夜,毛泽东秘密率红三军团单独北进,逃离四方面军控制区域,向俄界的红一军团靠拢。<BR> 其实,聪明的徐向前不会不明白毛泽东的来意,但还是婉言相拒。作为红四方面军创建者,他虽然知道南下不利,但内心极不愿把左右两路军分开,最终感情战胜了理智,选择了南下,犯了他“终身抱憾的错误”。<BR> 可以想象毛泽东当时的悲凉心情,由于自身力量弱,四方面军中竟没有一个高级将领愿意支持他。可以想象当毛泽东独自率一、三军团仅仅7000人北上时,他是如何看待这支忠心耿耿跟着自已的部队的,可以想象这7000为什么以后会出这么多的元帅将军高级干部,可以想象当时同样级别的四方面军将领为什么一直受到打击和压抑。<BR> 争取徐向前的失败,影响了毛泽东对徐向前的看法。但不管怎么说,徐向前是红四方面军的创建者,是红四方面军的旗帜,具有非凡的影响力;而且在所有四方面军领导人中,徐向前对中央还算是尊重的,特别是徐向前在关键时刻说了一句“天下哪有红军打红军的道理”,阻止了两军火并,救了毛泽东一命。因此,毛泽东以后也没有和徐向前计较,但是,他对徐向前和彭德怀、林彪、罗荣桓、陈毅等嫡系是有区别的,只是选择了徐作为“四方面军的代表”存在而已。他经常说:“向前同志是个代表啊!什么代表呢,就是代表革命军队中的四方面军。”<BR> 和林彪、彭德怀、陈毅、罗荣桓等人相比,徐向前在军事才能方面不差什么(甚至超过了他们),但差的就是对毛泽东的忠诚。故而在抗战和解放战争时期,徐向前就基本没担任什么重要职务了。<BR> 抗战初期,徐向前被任命为八路军129师副师长,手下正是自己一手创建的原红四方面军部队,而师长却是中央空降下来的刘伯承——中央对徐向前的打压可想而知。<BR> 1938年,徐向前刚在冀南平原搞出一片大好局面,就被抽调到当时最复杂、最乱的山东去当第一纵队司令员。但徐向前竟然又创造了奇迹,短短一年之间,便使山东局面大为改观,根据地和军队的数量迅猛发展。1940年中央想召开中共七大,将徐召回延安,而中共七大最后直到1945年才召开,徐向前同志只好当了几年抗大校长和晋妥联防军副司令员——征战之材用来教书,譬如宝刀劈柴,真是莫大的浪费!<BR> 作为一位杰出的军事家,徐向前空有一身本领却无法施展,眼看着刘伯承、粟裕、彭德怀等战友驰骋疆场,叱咤风云,而自己只能呆在延安后方教书、发展生产,其心中之悲凉可想而知矣!<BR> 解放战争最后两年,在后方的徐向前再也呆不住了,经过争取,得到了党中央和毛主席批准来到山西。面对山西这个烂摊子,徐向前又一次大出毛泽东的意料,以不到6万人的地方部队,接连发动运城、临汾、晋中和太原战役,秋风扫落叶般解放了山西全境。<BR> 这是徐向前军事生涯的最后辉煌,整个过程如行云流水,异彩纷呈。然而,再怎么精彩,也只是一个次要战场的辉煌而已,徐向前的军事天才,远远没有得到应有的发挥。<BR> 1955年,徐向前被授予元帅军衔,但排名却倒数第三,连贺龙、陈毅和罗荣桓这三位不以军事指挥见长的都排到他前面去了,真可谓是“委屈的元帅”!<BR> 【主要著作】<BR> 在战争时期和建国以后,发表过多种军事论著。曾著回忆录《历史的回顾》(1984)。 <BR>后代概况<BR> 儿子:徐小岩,少将军衔,任中国人民解放军总参通信部部长;<BR> 内侄:黄远志,湖北省委副书记,纪委书记。 <BR>荣誉及著作<BR> 1935年,参加中共中央在毛儿盖召开的军事工作会议,会议期间获中央革命军事委员会授予的金质红星奖章。<BR> 1955年,被授予中华人民共和国元帅军衔和一级八一勋章、一级独立自由勋章、一级解放勋章。<BR> 1988年,荣获一级红星功勋荣誉章。<BR> 中共第八至第十二届中央委员,第八届(十一中全会补选)、第十一、第十二届中央政治局委员。<BR> 在战争时期和建国以后,撰写过多种军事论著。主要著作收入《徐向前军事文选》(1993);并有回忆录《历史的回顾》,于1984年起出版。 <BR>相关书籍<BR> 《徐向前(元帅智慧)》 郭胜伟 中央文献出版社 (2005-07出版) <BR> 《徐向前元帅回忆录》 徐向前 解放军出版社 (2005-08出版) <BR> 《徐向前的非常之路》 张麟著 人民出版社 徐向前元帅军事艺术 解放军出版社 (2007-04出版) <BR> 《中国人民解放军元帅传记丛书-徐向前元帅》 张麟 解放军文艺 (2007-02出版) <BR> 《星火燎原-未刊稿》 徐向前 粟裕 等 解放军 (2007-08出版) <BR> 《徐向前元帅军事艺术》 牛力 汪维余 邱桂金<BR></STRONG>[ 本帖最后由 徐天奎 于 2009-10-2 11:44 编辑 ]
例文 徐海东大将军
<P>徐海东 </P><P> 杰出军事家、革命家、新四军老战士<BR> (1900年6月17日-1970年3月25日)<BR> 1900年06月17日,生于湖北省大悟县(原属黄陂县)夏店区徐家窑一个六代窑工家庭。<BR> 1909年春,在原籍喻家祠堂上私塾。<BR> 1912年,辍学,在家随哥哥学手艺当窑工。<BR> 红军时期<BR> 1924年夏,**员吝积堂回黄陂开展革命活动。在吝积堂同志帮助下开始接受马克思主义教育。<BR> 1925年04月08日,经吝积堂、李树珍同志介绍,在武昌加入中国**。后党派他到直系军阀刘佐龙部学习军事,担任副班长、中士班长。<BR> 1926年04月,国共合作后,国民革命军准备北伐,经党组织同意,离武昌,南下广东。<BR> 1926年05月,在广东韶关附近参加国民革命军,任国民革命军第四军十二师三十四团三营九连代理排长。 <BR> 1926年08月,在著名的汀泗桥战役中,率领一个排,歼灭军阀吴佩孚四个炮兵连,受到全师通令嘉奖,被正式晋升为少尉排长。后又参加进攻武昌等地的战役。<BR> 1927年,“四·一二”反革命政变后,在党组织帮助下离开武汉,返回黄陂家乡,开展革命活动。<BR> 1927年06月,被中共黄陂县委任命为河区农民自卫队大队长,领导农民自卫队打击地主反动武装。<BR> 1927年07月,“七·一五”反革命政变后,在敌强我弱的形势下,河区区委决定农民自卫队分散活动。返回徐家窑,以窑工为掩护,继续开展革命活动。<BR> 1927年08月,党的“八七”会议后,在窑工中秘密发展党员,先后在徐家店、上屋湾和邓俞咀建立党支部。 <BR> 1927年10月,在党的“八七”会议精神鼓舞下,与田道生、丁彩光、田耕三一起,组织领导攻打夏店雨坛寺“缉私营”的武装**。夺得武器后,重新整编农民自卫队,转移到陂孝交界之苎麻岭山区打游击。<BR> 1927年11月,奉黄陂县委命令,率领农民自卫队参加支援黄麻起义。起义失败后,黄陂重建党的工委,担任工委领导下的游击大队分队长。<BR> 1928年秋,任黄陂县委常委、军事部长兼夏区区委书记。<BR> 1929年初,领导夏区“年关**”。失败后,转移到黄陂塔耳岗一带,组织游击队,开展武装斗争。<BR> 1929年底,鄂豫边区党委将游击队组成五个教导队,任第五教导队党代表兼队长。<BR> 1930年04月,任黄陂县赤卫队大队长。<BR> 1930年05月,任鄂东**委员会西南总指挥。<BR> 1930年10月,任黄陂县补充六师(实际上是赤卫队)师长。 <BR> 1931年02月,第五教导队编入中共鄂豫皖军委警卫团,任警卫二团团长。<BR> 1931年03月,警卫二团改编为红四军十三师三十八团,任团长,后任红十二师三十六团团长。<BR> 1932年05月,任红四方面军独立四师师长。<BR> 1932年07月,任红九军二十七师师长。<BR> 1932年09月,任鄂皖工作委员会委员。<BR> 1932年10月,红四方面军撤离鄂豫皖苏区后,带领红二十七师来到金家铺与皖西道委书记郭述申同志领导的英山独立团、六安、霍邱、霍山独立营会合,组成东路游击师,任副司令兼师长。后改编为红二十七军,任七十九师师长。<BR> 1932年11月,鄂豫皖省委决定重建红二十五军,任七十四师师长。<BR> 1933年02月,任红二十五军副军长兼七十四师师长。<BR> 1933年05月,对省委关于围攻七里坪的错误决定,提出反对意见,未被采纳,围攻七里坪失利,部队损失过半。<BR> 1933年06月,七里坪撤围后,红二十五军向皖西转移,在皖西坚持斗争。<BR> 1933年10月,红二十五军由皖西向鄂东转移,途中被敌人切断,率七十四师一部折回皖西。皖西北道委决定组建红二十八军,任军长,在皖西坚持斗争。红二十五军到达鄂东后,省委召开扩大会议,增补为鄂豫皖省委委员。<BR> 1934年04月,与吴焕先率领的红二十五军在河南省商城县豹子岩会师,合编为红二十五军,任军长,吴焕先任政委。<BR> 1934年05月以后,与吴焕先率领红二十五军打了许多胜仗,粉碎了敌人对鄂豫皖革命根据地七月至十月的三个月“围剿”计划。<BR> 1934年11月,根据中央指示,为准备长征,与吴焕先等同志率领红二十五军突破敌人四道封锁线,从皖西转移到鄂东北。<BR> 1934年11月11日,省委遵照党中央指示,决定红二十五军以中国工农红军北上抗日第二先遣队名义开始长征。改任副军长。<BR> 1935年初,在鄂豫陕省委(由鄂豫皖省委改组为鄂豫陕省委)领导下,红二十五军开展了创建鄂豫陕根据地的斗争。和吴焕先、程子华等同志率领部队开展游击战争,粉碎了敌人的反革命“围剿”,广泛发动了群众,建立了革命政权,使红二十五军发展到三千七百余人。<BR> 1935年07月,红二十五军跨过终南山,到达西安附近,得知中央红军北上的消息,鄂豫陕省委在陕西子午镇召开紧急会议,决定红二十五军离开陕南西征,配合中央红军北上。陕南留部分同志坚持鄂豫陕游击根据地。与其他领导同志一起率红二十五军西进甘肃。<BR> 1935年08月,红二十五军到达甘肃陇东地区的泾川,政委吴焕先同志英勇牺牲,代理红二十五军政委和鄂豫陕省委书记。<BR> 1935年09月,在陕北豹子川召开省委扩大会议,决定徐海东任红二十五军军长,程子华改任政委。<BR> 1935年09月18日,红二十五军到达陕北苏区永平镇,与刘志丹同志率领的红二十六、二十七军胜利会师,改编为红十五军团,任军团长和陕北省委委员。<BR> 1935年10月,率领红十五军团,取得了劳山、榆林桥两次战役的胜利,有力地配合了中央红军的北上。<BR> 1935年11月初,党中央率领中央工农红军胜利到达陕北吴起镇。毛泽东、彭德怀等同志到陕北甘泉县道佐铺红十五军团部,接见了徐海东和程子华等同志。<BR> 1935年11月3日,苏维埃中央政府命令,徐海东任西北革命军事委员会委员、中国工农红军第一方面军第十五军团军团长。<BR> 1935年11月下旬,红十五军团与中央红军并肩战斗,取得了直罗镇战役的伟大胜利,为党中央把全国革命大本营放在西北,举行了“奠基礼”。<BR> 1936年02月,红一军团和红十五军团组成中国人民抗日先锋军,举行东征。他率领红十五军团,渡过黄河,进入山西,准备开赴河北前线,对日作战。在山西孝义县兑九峪战斗后,毛泽东同志决定两军团分路活动。红十五军团挥师北上,逼近太原,直取晋西北。<BR> 1936年05月,东征军回师河西。红十五军团回到陕北略事休整。中旬,奉命西征,配合左路军,迎接红二、四方面军北上。<BR> 1936年10月8日,中国工农红军一、二、四方面军在甘肃的静宁、会宁地区胜利会师。他奉党中央命令,对张国焘做了大量的争取工作。<BR> 1936年11月,红军三大主力会师后,他率红十五军团一部与红一军团并肩战斗,夺取了山城堡战役的胜利。<BR> 1936年12月7日,中华苏维埃中央政府任命徐海东为中央革命军事委员会委员。<BR> 1936年12月,西安事变爆发后,党中央命令红十五军团立即由甘肃海原县出发开赴商州,与张学良、杨虎城部队共同防御亲日派的武装进攻。<BR> 1937年02月,西安事变和平解决后,初步实现了国共合作,红十五军团奉命由陕西商州、雒南开赴甘肃庆阳驿马关整训。<BR> 抗日战争时期<BR> 1937年08月,中国工农红军改编为国民革命军新编第八路军,任一一五师三四四旅旅长。<BR> 1937年09月,八路军开赴华北前线后,率三四四旅参加了著名的平型关战斗。<BR> 1937年10月,平型关战斗结束后,随朱德、彭德怀同志参加晋东南粉碎日寇九路围攻的战斗。<BR> 1937年12月,根据党中央指示,和王震同志率部再次深入华北敌后开展山地游击战。<BR> 1938年06月,指挥町店战斗,歼灭日军第二十五师团一个联队,毙伤日军近千人,并击退来援之敌。<BR> 1938年08月,病倒在华北战场上,后回延安休养。他骁勇善战,不怕牺牲,在战斗危急时刻,经常身先士卒,被群众誉为“徐老虎”,先后9次负伤,积劳成疾。<BR> 1938年10月,以中共中央军事委员会委员的身份列席了党的六届六中全会。会后进马列主义学院学习。<BR> 1939年08月,跟随刘少奇同志到华中开展工作。刘少奇是以徐海东的随从身份为掩护到新四军的。<BR> 1939年9月15日,离开延安。奔赴华中后,任新四军江北指挥部副总指挥兼第四支队司令员,艰苦转战在皖东一带。<BR> 1939年12月,在皖东周家岗,率领新四军第四支队与日寇激战三昼夜,取得了皖东反扫荡中的一次重大胜利。当时,还任中共中央中原局委员,后中原局与东南局合并组成中共中央华中局,任华中局委员。<BR> 1940年01月,由于紧张的战斗生活,劳累过度,旧病复发,病倒在皖东战场上。<BR> 1940年05月,在安徽省津浦路西根据地休养。<BR> 1940年08月,在江苏省淮安一带休养。<BR> 1941年05月,任中共中央华中局委员。后长期治疗、休养。<BR> 解放战争时期<BR> 1946年08月,在山东诸城、莱阳等地休养。<BR> 1946年09月,从山东到大连市休养。<BR> 中华人民共和国成立后<BR> 1954年00月,任中央人民政府人民革命军事委员会委员、第一届中华人民共和国国防委员会委员,在疗养期间,写了几篇重要回忆录。<BR> 1955年09月,被授予中国人民解放军大将军衔,并授予一级“八一”勋章、“独立自由”勋章和“解放”勋章。<BR> 1956年09月,当选为中国**第八届中央委员会委员。“八大”后,从大连回到北京。<BR> 1958年00月,任第二届中华人民共和国国防委员会委员病情稍有好转,到湖北参观访问,进行调查研究。<BR> 1960年00月,主编红二十五军战史,并向编委会提出,一定要写党、写人民、写集体,不要突出个人。<BR> 1962年00月,红二十五军战史编成后,又一次累得大吐血,病危九天。<BR> 1964年00月,任第三届中华人民共和国国防委员会委员<BR> 1969年04月,带病出席了中国**第九次全国代表大会,担任大会主席团委员并当选为中央委员。<BR> 1969年10月25日,被林彪、江青反党集团强行“疏散”到河南省郑州市。<BR> 1970年03月25日,在林彪、江青反革命集团的残酷迫害下,含恨逝世于郑州。<BR> 他身经百战,功勋卓著,具有丰富的实战经验和高超的指挥艺术,毛泽东高度赞扬他是“对中国革命有大功的人”,是“工人阶级的一面旗帜”。 <BR> 徐海东是建国后中央军委认定的解放军36个军事家之一,尤其擅长游击战。<BR> 徐海东 出身最苦的大将<BR> 红色窑工<BR> 夸海东<BR> 壮兮鄂豫皖,<BR> 伟哉大别山。<BR> 黄麻烽火举,<BR> 英豪数万千。<BR> 丛峰碧血浴,<BR> 村闾尽狼烟。<BR> 窑工成名将,<BR> 百战显心丹。<BR> 凯旋觅故旧,<BR> 未见几人还。<BR> 丰碑今犹在,<BR> 巍然云汉间。</P>
[ 本帖最后由 徐天奎 于 2009-10-2 11:48 编辑 ]
例文 徐特立
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">徐特立(1877 -1968)原名懋恂,又名立华。湖南善化五美乡荷叶塅(今属长沙县)人。出生于贫苦农民家庭。幼年读私塾。1895年在五美乡小塘湾教蒙馆,边教书、边自学。戊戌变法时受康梁维新思想的影响,随后又接受孙中山的革命主张。1905年曾入宁乡师范学校速成班学习,同年创办梨江高等小学。1906年起任教于周南女校,后兼任该校小学部校长,创办了湖南最早的教育刊物《周南教育》周刊。1910年前往上海考察小学教育,不久东渡日本,参观考察日本小学教育。ffice:office" /><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1911年参加辛亥革命,徐特立断指明志辛亥革命前夕的一天,徐特立在长沙修业学校向师生员工作时事报告。讲到帝国主义对中国的野蛮侵略,讲到软弱无能的清政府不能保护主权和人民,讲到中国的老百姓被歁侮、被屠杀……激昂悲愤之时,他拍案捶胸,声泪俱下。怱然,他猛地一个转身,跑到厨房取来一把菜刀,当、着师生们的面,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">砰</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">的一声砍断了左手一节手指,顿时鲜血淋漓,溅染衣衫。接着,他用断指在白纸上写下八个血字:驱除鞑虏,恢复中华。听着徐特立演说的青年,顿时热血沸腾,群情激昂,呼声雷动。徐特立的断指壮举,很快传遍了长沙。并被选为湖南省临时议会副议长。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1912年创办长沙师范学校,任校长。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1913年后在湖南省立第一师范学校、修业学校、湖南高等师范学校任教,兼湖南孤儿园园长。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1919年五四运动后到法国勤工俭学,先后在木兰省公学和巴黎大学学习法文和自然科学。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1923年到比利时、法国考察教育。1924年回到湖南创办长沙女子师范学校,<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1925年任女师校长。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1927年春任湖南农民协会教育科长兼湖南农民运动讲习所主任,并参加中国国民党,任国民党长沙市党部工农部长。5月加入中国**。后参加武汉农民运动讲习所和《大江报》的工作。在南昌起义中任革命委员会委员、二十军第三师党代表兼政治部主任。1928年在苏联莫斯科中山大学特别班学习。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1930年回国,1931年11月r日当选为中华苏维埃共和国临时中央政府中央执行委员、教育人民委员部副部长,兼任苏维埃大学副校长,1932年10月兼任中央列宁师范学校校长。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1934年10月参加红军长征。1935年到达陕北后任中华苏维埃中央政府教育部部长。陕甘宁边区政府成立后任边区教育厅厅长。1937年11月以国民革命军第十八集团军高级参议名义回长沙,任八路军驻湘办事处代表。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1939年初中共湖南省工委成立,任统战部长。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1940年8月回延安,任中共中央宣传部副部长、自然科学研究院院长。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">中华人民共和国成立后任中央人民政府委员,并当选为全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员。继任中央宣传部副部长,兼任中央宣传部教育研究室主任、党史资料室主任,还担任过中国历史学会、中国地理学会的名誉主席。他是中国**第七、八届中央委员会委员。他一生从事教育革命实践,经验丰富。在教学中注重实际,注重创造,提倡书本知识与实践经验相结合,并坚持因材施教,培养人才。著作多为教育方面的文稿,辑为《徐特立教育文集》。1968年11月28日在北京病逝。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 生平<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1877年2月1日出生于湖南省长沙府善化县四都观音塘(今长沙县江背镇观音塘) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1919年-1924年6月,42岁时远赴法国勤工俭学,并考察了比利时和德国的教育 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1924年夏,回到长沙,创办任长沙第一女子师范(今长沙师范专科学校),并担任校长 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1927年夏,加入中国**。后被派往苏联学习 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1930年末,回国赴江西根据地,后在中华苏维埃共和国政府任教育部副部长,苏维埃大学副校长。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1934年参加长征 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1940年在延安任延安自然科学院院长 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1949年中华人民共和国成立后,任中央宣传部副部长,后因身体原因请辞。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1968年11月28日在北京逝世,享年91岁 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 名人的老师<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 作为毛泽东的老师,他受到了中国民众普遍的尊敬。毛泽东对他的评价很高,曾在给他的一封信中说:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">你是我二十年前的先生,你现在仍然是我的先生,你将来必定还是我的先生。当革命失败的时候,许多**员离开了**,有些甚至跑到敌人那边去了,你却在一九二七年秋天加入**,而且取的态度是十分积极的。从那时至今长期的艰苦斗争中,你比许多青年壮年党员还要积极,还要不怕困难,还要虚心学习新的东西。什么</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">老</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,什么</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">身体精神不行</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,什么</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">困难障碍</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,在你面前都降服了。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 永远的丰碑 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐特立:坚强的老战士。中国无产阶级革命家、教育家。湖南长沙人。曾创办长沙师范学校,任湖南省立第一师范学校教师。提倡并亲自参加留法勤工俭学。回国后大力宣传普及义务教育,任湖南省立第一女子师范学校等校校长。1927年加入中国**,参加南昌起义。后在中央革命根据地历任中央教育人民委员部代理部长、副部长兼苏维埃大学副校长。1934年参加长征。1940年回延安,历任自然科学院院长、中共中央宣传部副部长。建国后任中央人民政府委员。当选为全国人大常委会委员,中共第七、八届中央委员。有《徐特立教育文集》、《徐特立文集》。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> <FONT size=5> 徐特立和毛泽东</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=5><FONT size=4></FONT></FONT><FONT size=2><o:p>虽然,徐特立通过自己这些年对中、西方政治和社会的研究与认识,深感毛泽东走的是一条为劳苦大众求解放的道路。可他自己还是抱定要用知识改变国家落后面貌的志愿,不想参与政治斗争,也就难以断然追随学生毛泽东所信仰的主义,而是想继续致力于教书育人。</o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 旧中国是一个豺狼当道、群魔乱舞的世界,没有徐特立这样正直的知识分子的出头之日。他后来在谈到这段社会经历时说:“在长沙教育界我应该是‘长沙王’,但是反动势力来到了以后,我在长沙教育会都没有被选资格。我和旧势力势不两立。”又说:“1924年我从法国留学回来后,还是继续办教育。不过这时我思想上很苦闷,感到教育救国的路行不通。”</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 正当徐特立对前途悲观失望,思想处于彷徨消沉的时刻,毛泽东与他久别重逢了。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 1925年的春天,毛泽东因病从中共中央的所在地上海回到湖南,一边养病,一边从事农民运动。这次回归故里,毛泽东在长沙拜会了阔别多年的老师徐特立,师生进行了促膝长谈。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 在叙谈了相互别后的情况后,徐特立向学生坦露了自己的苦闷心情。毛泽东听后对老师说:“社会制度不好,恶势力当道,是没有人管教育的。你辛辛苦苦培养出来的人才,说不定会被人用去干坏事,为虎作伥。可见在现时教育救国的路是行不通的。只有动员广大民众起来革命,彻底砸碎旧的社会,建立一个平等的社会,创造一个劳苦大众的天下,教育才有希望,才有出路。”他还以中共负责干部的身份告诉老师:“**革命的目的,就是要造就这样一个全新的社会,而眼下正全力做这样的事业。待到革命成功之日,便是发展全民教育之时。”接着,毛泽东向徐特立谈了自己对中国农民运动的看法和主张,也吐露了此次返乡将全力推动湘省农运的计划,最后恳请老师出山参加和支持湖南农民运动……</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 同徐特立会见以后,毛泽东即以自己的故乡韶山和湘潭为中心,点燃了湖南农民运动的熊熊烈火。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 这次会见及与毛泽东的谈话,对徐特立产生了很大影响,是他思想观点转变的起点,也是他整个人生转折的开始。 </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 1926年,毛泽东再次回到湖南,在拜访老师徐特立以后,深入到湘潭、湘乡、长沙、衡山、醴陵等县,进行实地考察,写下了《湖南农民运动考察报告》一文,反击了国民党右派污蔑农民运动是“痞子”运动的奇谈怪论,高度赞扬农民运动,使湖南农运更加蓬勃发展。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 1927年春,徐特立回到离别近半年的家乡,展现在他眼前的乡村面貌是全新的————恶霸地主的威风被打下去了,流氓、烟、赌也不见了。过去政府禁止鸦片烟毫无办法,现在农民晚上开个会,男女老少一齐行动起来,马上就禁绝了;农会成立以后,法院无案可审,大小诉讼,农会开个会就公平解决了。混乱黑暗的社会经农民运动一冲洗,顿时呈现出一片光明。人们的思想也发生了深刻变化。他的大儿子徐笃本,积极投身农民运动,并且加入了**,整天为革命而奔忙。徐特立自己创办的五美高小,也完全变了样,师生都踊跃参加农运,女学生全都把长独辫子剪成齐耳短发,与男学生一样参加斗争土豪劣绅。学校的教材增添了革命内容,他自己写的《留法老学生之自述》被选进了语文课本……</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 家乡的巨变,深深地触动了徐特立。透过这些变化,他看到了火山般爆发的农民运动的力量,更感到**人的社会作用,也体察到学生毛泽东潜心从事农民运动的远见卓识。于是,他参加了湖南省农民协会,并担任教育科长,兼任湖南农村师范农运讲习所主任。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 1927年5月,继蒋介石发动“四·一二”政变后,反动军阀何键的部下许克祥在湖南发动了“马日事变”,疯狂屠杀**,镇压工农运动,革命群众组织遭到严重破坏。徐特立的儿子徐笃本,也在敌人追捕、涉水渡江逃亡时牺牲。**转入地下活动,国民党左派人物也四处逃散。革命队伍中有的人落伍了,有的人叛变了,有的人隐迹了。徐特立深感靠国民党解救中国已成泡影,国恨家仇,促使他四处寻找**,并决心献身于她的事业。不久,他在自己的学生、女**员黎尚瑾家中,遇到了过去一师的学生、来此避难的中共湖南省委负责人李维汉。在一片白色恐怖之下,他向李维汉提出了加入中国**的请求,并且表示:“我已经五十一岁了,只要**这样一个先进的党,能允许我这老朽的人加入组织,那我就真正获得了新生。”于是,经过李维汉的介绍,徐特立正式加入了**。后来,当毛泽东知道这一情况时,赞扬说:真是疾风知劲草,岁寒知松柏啊!</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 徐特立入党后,党派他赴武汉工作。他到武汉后,受到毛泽东和蔡和森等人的热情欢迎,并在毛泽东的领导下,参加了武汉农民运动讲习所的工作。不久,又与谢觉哉等一起编辑印刷《大江报》。同年7月,按照党中央临时政治局的统一部署,徐特立同林伯渠、郭亮、毛泽东的弟弟毛泽覃等秘密经九江奔赴南昌,准备在张发奎的部队中发动起义。毛泽东要徐特立暂时不要公开身份,仍以国民党左派的面目出现,以便争取和团结更多的人士参加起义。此间,徐特立和林伯渠、郭亮一起,去做青年时代的同学和好友、现任江西省主席的姜济寰的工作,争取姜参加了起义。8月1日,南昌起义正式爆发。起义军胜利占领南昌后,徐特立被任命为革命委员会委员,并担任革命委员会所属党务委员会的领导工作。起义部队整编后,由“两湖”和武汉等地逃亡出来的党团员和农民协会骨干,编为贺龙领导的二十军第三师,师长为周逸群,徐特立任党代表兼政治部主任。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 1928年,党中央派徐特立赴苏联莫斯科中山大学特别班学习。这时,正是国内革命形势大变化的年月,身处当时号称“世界革命的首都”,徐特立生活得比较舒适,但学习十分紧张。他时时刻刻惦记着祖国,关切着国内动态,特别是苏区的发展和红军的斗争。当他得知毛泽东率领秋收起义的队伍上了井冈山,开辟了第一块农村革命根据地,并在这里站稳了脚跟的消息后,高兴得夜不能寐,恨不得生出双翅飞回国内,和毛泽东一道开展革命武装斗争。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 1930年,徐特立结束了在苏联的学习生活,风尘仆仆地回到了国内。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 在宁都小布赤坎,有一幢两层楼的民房,这便是红一军团的总部。在这里,徐特立见到毛泽东、朱德,见到了同是老教育家的董必武……新朋故旧喜相逢,说不出的亲切和激动。从此,他就与毛泽东、朱德、董必武、左权等住在这幢简朴的民房里,共同开创开天辟地的伟业。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 中央苏区第一次“反围剿”胜利,红军俘虏了许多敌军官兵,毛泽东就请徐特立去担任教育俘虏的工作。徐特立按照毛泽东的意见,深入被俘官兵之中,进行个别谈话,了解到他们绝大多数出身贫苦,便帮助他们认清个人和家庭受苦的根源,宣传中国**的主张和红军为穷人翻身而打仗的革命道理,使这些俘虏兵受到深刻教育,纷纷要求参加红军,使红军队伍不断扩大。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 1931年7月,继第二次“围剿”失败之后,蒋介石又纠集30万军队对中央苏区发动了第三次“围剿”。他们采取“长驱直入”、“分进合击”的战术,杀气腾腾地闯入中央根据地。毛泽东决定采取“避敌主力,打其虚弱,乘退追歼”的方针,并采用“敌进我也进”的打法,把敌人引进赣南根据地,然后待机破敌。在盛夏三伏的酷热季节里,红军和白军平行地走着,只隔一天的路程。徐特立当时不了解毛泽东的作战意图,一边行军一边问:“泽东同志,敌人和我们平行着走,我们为什么不打?”毛泽东风趣地说:“他们要打时不打,我们要打时才打。”接着,他向老师举了很多战例,讲解了游击战的“十六字诀”方针。通过战争实践和毛泽东的帮助,徐特立对红军的战略战术也逐渐有了了解和研究。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 第三次反“围剿”胜利结束后,前委决定让一些老同志不再随军行动,而留在地方开展工作。一天,毛泽东找徐特立谈话,提出党和红军要关心群众生活,要关心群众教育。为了革命需要,要发展苏区的教育事业,开展扫除文盲的运动。毛泽东请他起草一个苏区的教育方案。为了完成好这一任务,徐特立深入到兴国和雩都等地,进行调查研究,掌握了大量的第一手资料,起草了一个扫盲的方案,提出了一套具体的扫盲办法。毛泽东很欣赏这个方案,并作了修改和补充,然后交付实施。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 正当徐特立全力以赴从事中央苏区教育事业的时候,战争的乌云又在苏区的上空密布。由于王明“左倾”冒险主义极力排挤毛泽东,剥夺了他对红军的领导指挥权,致使第五次反“围剿”斗争惨遭失败,苏区几乎丧失殆尽。1934年10月中旬,中央红军主力部队开始进行战略转移。这时的徐特立已经57岁,是长征队伍中年纪最长的一个。党中央把他和董必武、林伯渠、谢觉哉等一起编在红军野战医院中央工作团,董必武任主任,他任副主任。毛泽东也被编在中央纵队,拖着病体,踏上了漫长的征程。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 长征胜利结束以后,徐特立和全体红军将士一样,有着一种绝处逢生的欣喜和庆幸。他对毛泽东的军事指挥才能感到由衷的叹服。联想到韩愈所讲的“弟子不必不如师,师不必贤于弟子。闻道有先后,术业有专攻”,他感到应该好好地向自己过去的学生毛泽东学习,更加自觉地接受他的领导。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 这期间,当人们提起他曾是毛泽东的先生时,他总是真心诚意地说:“从前我在湖南第一师范教过书,当过毛主席的先生,那是真的;那只是一日之师,而毛主席是我的终身之师——是他带我这个老朽走上了革命道路。泽东同志值得我们学习的地方是很多的,特别是他精通马列主义理论,善于运用马列主义的立场、观点和方法来解决中国革命的实际问题。此外在政治、军事、经济、历史、文学各方面都有很深的造诣。他的知识是多方面的,非常渊博。他的最大特点就是坚持理论联系实际,实事求是的原则,不自以为是。”言语之中,充满着对毛泽东的爱护和尊重之情。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 毛泽东对徐特立也是十分信赖和敬重的。到达陕北以后,因瞿秋白在福建长汀牺牲,毛泽东亲自提议徐特立担任中华苏维埃中央政府教育部长。后来陕甘宁边区政府成立,又任命他担任边区教育厅厅长之职,给这位老教育家创造了一个为边区教育事业大展宏图的机会。 </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 1937年2月1日,是徐特立60岁的生日。1月30日,在延安各界为徐特立举行60寿辰庆祝大会的前一天,正忙于制定抗日救国大计的毛泽东,怀着对师长的尊敬心情,写了一封感情真挚的信给徐特立,为他祝寿。信中说:</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 你是我二十年前的先生,你现在仍然是我的先生,你将来必定还是我的先生。当革命失败的时候,许多**员离开了**,有些甚至跑到敌人那边去了,你却在一九二七年秋天加入**,而且取的态度是十分积极的。从那时至今长期的艰苦斗争中,你比许多青年壮年党员还要积极,还要不怕困难,还要虚心学习新的东西。什么“老”,什么“身体精神不行”,什么“困难障碍”,在你面前都降服了。而在有些人面前呢?却做了畏葸不前的借口。你是懂得很多而时刻以为不足,而在有些人本来只有“半桶水”,却偏要“淌得很”。你是心里想的就是口里说的与手里做的,而在有些人他们心之某一角落,却不免藏着一些腌腌月赞月赞的东西。你是任何时候都是同群众在一块的,而在有些人却似乎以脱离群众为快乐。你是处处表现自己就是服从党的与革命的纪律之模范,而在有些人却似乎认为纪律只是束缚人家的,自己并不包括在内。你是革命第一,工作第一,他人第一,而在有些人却是出风头第一,休息第一,与自己第一。你总是拣难事做,从来也不躲避责任,而在有些人则只愿意拣轻松事做,遇到担当责任的关头就躲避了。所有这些方面我都是佩服你的,愿意继续地学习你的,也愿意全党同志学习你。当你六十岁生日的时候写这封信祝贺你,愿你健康,愿你长寿,愿你成为一切革命党人与全体人民的模范。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 毛泽东的这封信,高度地概括了徐特立作为一名**员为中国人民的解放事业作出的重大贡献,热情地赞扬了他作为一代师表所具备的崇高品格,充分表达了一位学生对老师的崇敬之情。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 毛泽东在延安为老师祝寿,10年后还有一次。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 那是1947年初,蒋介石命令胡宗南指挥23万人马进攻延安,妄图摧毁**的“中枢神经”。当时,徐特立已转移到陕北高原东北部的绥德城,他是根据毛泽东主席的指示于1946年冬撤离延安的。徐特立寿辰的前几天,工作人员请示正在全力指挥西北和全国解放战争的毛泽东:徐老的70大寿还庆不庆祝?毛泽东毫不犹豫地说:“庆,为什么不庆?还要大大地庆祝一番!我们一方面要为徐老祝寿,另一方面还要显示延安军民沉着应战,以鼓舞边区军民的斗志。”这样,根据毛泽东的指示,党中央派出一辆大卡车专程前往绥德,接徐特立返延安做寿。寿诞的前一天晚上,毛泽东和朱德等中央负责同志亲临徐特立居住的窑洞祝贺,俗称“暖寿”。9日,中共中央办公厅、边区政府举行了热烈的庆祝大会,各解放区负责人也纷纷来电祝贺。朱总司令在会上祝词,他说:“徐老从中国的封建社会到革命时代的七十年生活中,使他锻炼成为一位模范的革命教育家和科学家。早在江西苏区时,他就和工农兵打成一片,传播马克思主义的思想与作风。”朱总司令号召大家:“以不断学习徐老的优良作风,来庆祝他的七十大寿。”会上,还宣读了由毛泽东亲自授意起草并审定签发、以党中央名义写给徐特立的一封热情洋溢的信。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 中央的信中说:“你的道路,代表了中国革命知识分子的最优秀传统。你是热爱光明的,你为了求光明,百折不挠,在50岁上加入了中国**。你对于民族和人民的事业抱有无限忠诚,在敌人面前,你坚持着不妥协不动摇的大无畏精神,你的充沛的热情,使懦夫为之低头,反动派为之失色。你是密切联系群众的,你的知识是和工农相结合、生产相结合的,你把群众当做先生,群众把你当做朋友。你对自己是学而不厌,你对别人是诲人不倦,这个品质使你成为中国杰出的革命教育家。你痛恨官僚主义和铺张浪费,你的朴素勤奋70年如一日,这个品质使你成为全党自我牺牲和艰苦奋斗作风的模范。你的这一切优良品质是全党同志和全国人民的骄傲,把你的这一切优良品质发扬光大是全党同志和全国人民的革命任务。”这封信高度评价了徐特立的革命业绩,号召全党同志学习和发扬他的高尚品德。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 1949年10月1日,新中国诞生了。是年3月,徐特立参加了在河北平山县西柏坡举行的党的七届二中全会后,随党中央迁往北京西郊香山,接着怀着喜悦和激动的心情进入中南海,继续担任中央宣传部的副部长。1950年起,他还担任过一个时期的中国历史、地理学会的名誉主席。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 建国之初,毛泽东尽管政务十分繁忙,仍忘不了他与徐特立之间的师生情谊。一次,毛泽东特地派人来到徐特立的住地,邀请他到中南海家中吃饭。席上,还专备了几样家乡风味的菜肴招待老师——一碗湘笋,一盘青椒,这是两人都爱吃的。毛泽东抱歉地说:“徐老,请你来,没有好菜吃。”徐老笑着说:“人意好,水也甜嘛!”</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 上桌前,徐特立谦和地对毛泽东说:“你是全国人民的主席,应该坐上席。”毛泽东马上说:“您是主席的老师,‘一日为师,终身为父’,您更应该上坐。”硬是让徐老坐了上席。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 叙谈之间,毛泽东请徐特立谈谈他对治国方针大计的看法。徐老思考片刻后说:国家初建,要防止某些同志以为革命大功告成而滋长骄傲自满情绪,还要力戒贪图舒适,追求享乐、腐败堕落的思想和作风。他还把不久前在吴玉章70大寿时写的一首诗中的几句念给毛泽东听:“前途之艰巨,基本在建设,幸勿过乐观,成功在兢业。”毛泽东听后,连连点头称是,击节叫好。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 话别时,毛泽东见徐特立穿着还像过去那样俭朴,又联想到徐老当年为革命牺牲的两个儿子,就将自己身上穿的一件呢子大衣脱下来,送给徐特立,以表人子之心。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 徐特立接衣在手,激动不已。他的心潮起伏翻腾:毛泽东是人民的领袖,可又是个极富感情的人。他敬老尊贤,像今天这样无微不至地关怀自己已经不是第一次了。那还是胡宗南大举出兵进攻陕北之际,毛泽东为了徐特立的安全,让他先撤离延安,他自己则率数万人马与20万敌军周旋。当徐特立离延时,毛泽东亲自去送行话别。当时,毛泽东检查徐特立的行李准备情况,发现没有热水瓶,立即命令工作人员从他仅有的两只热水瓶中拿来一只,送给了徐特立……徐特立想到这些,不禁老泪纵横,唏嘘有声。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 与毛泽东的会见,徐特立深深被学生那种励精图治、建设新中国的宏伟气概所打动,他感到通身被激发起一股年轻人一样的朝气,虽是暮年却壮心不已。他回首过去,瞻望未来,重新制订了一个20年学习计划和工作计划,希望在有生之年为国家民族,也为自己的学生,做一些有用的事情。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 此后,徐特立投入主要精力领导新中国的教育事业。他不顾年老力衰,每天坚持八小时工作制,开会、作报告、写文章,批阅和草拟文件,孜孜不倦。有时为了写一篇文章,往往要翻阅文件资料数十种,严谨认真,一丝不苟。仅建国头4年,他就相继发表了《在教师节谈民主主义教育》、《科学化民族化大众化的文化教育》、《普通学校的思想教育》、《小学教育自学经验谈》、《小学校的体罚问题》、《青年的学习问题》等一系列重要的文章,对于建国初文化教育工作者的任务、教育的本质、教育的宗旨、教育的对象、教育的方法,以及培养国民公德等问题,进行了全面的系统的论述。</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 第一个五年计划开始的时候,很多教师想离开教育界,投身到工厂、矿山中去参加经济建设。他们认为当小学教师没有出息,没有前途。徐特立从中央教育部知道这些情况后,建议教育部牵头组织全国小学教师在《小学教师》杂志上展开了“小学教师有没有前途”的讨论。从1953年9月到1954年3月,《小学教师》杂志就收到全国各地小学教师近四万件来稿。在讨论结束时,他应《小学教师》编辑部的要求,写了《小学教师的地位和前途问题》一文,为这一讨论作了总结。他在文章中指出:“教育建设是整个国家建设必要的任务之一”,“而小学教育是整个教育建设的一个重要组成部分”,“使广大人民群众得到科学和技术的基本教育,这种伟大的任务就落在小学教师身上。”</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> 徐特立的这些立论深远,有理有据的文章,很快被天天读书看报的毛泽东注意到了。在一次中央工作会上,毛泽东见到徐特立,笑着对他赞许道:“徐老不老,老当益壮啊!”</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p><FONT size=3><FONT size=2> “平凡伟大马列真,一代师表启后昆。道德文章垂万世,堪称革命一完人。”徐特立是毛泽东的老师,也是中国人民的师表。他曾教导毛泽东立志、立德,他还使千千万万个普通的中国人,知道了读书、识字、明理,摘掉了“文盲”的帽子。</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P></FONT>
[ 本帖最后由 徐天奎 于 2009-10-2 12:48 编辑 ]
例文 徐源泉
<BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px"><P>徐源泉 <BR> 徐源泉(1886~1960年),又名克诚,派名继绩。湖北黄冈仓埠镇(今属武汉新洲)人。宣统二年(1910年)毕业于南京陆军讲武学堂。1910年秋,闻武昌首义,率学生300余人参加阳夏保卫战,任战时司令部学生队队长。后任上海光复军参谋、骑兵团团长。<BR> 二十岁那年,徐源泉随在武卫左军中任管带的族叔至安徽,入随营学堂学习,后保送进入两江总督端方创办的将备学堂,毕业后入南京陆军学堂任见习(实习教官)。开学两月,武昌举义,清廷唯恐发生如湖北新军那样的变乱,调任张勋部队包围学校,搜捕师生中的革命分子。为了保证教职员工的生命安全,校方决定解散师生,令各自暂且归乡。徐源泉和一部分同学由江苏返湖北,至武昌都督府报到。当时,1911年10月,汉口战况于革命军极为不利,清廷军队倾巢南下,以图挽回颓势。湖北军政府决定招募新兵,扩充起义军力量。黎元洪派人至徐所住的客栈向军校学生发出邀请。徐源泉号召学生军三百余人,自为队长,连夜渡江到汉口,于大智门火车站与清军激烈交战。此为徐源泉从军上阵的开始,也是他参加国民革命的开始,是他一生功劳薄最为光辉的一页,所以在他的“回忆录”中有详细地叙述。<BR> 辛亥革命后,徐源泉在南北军队中辗转任职,后归属张作霖部下。“皇姑屯”事发不久,随东北军编入国民革命军,1929年,率四十八师驻防湖北,参加中原大会战,因战功提升第十军军长。1930年8月,蒋介石在全国设立“清乡”机构,徐源泉任湘鄂西边区“清乡”督办公署督办、鄂湘川“剿共”总司令等职,率领所属部队“围剿”湖北**洪湖根据地,镇压**在黄安、麻城领导的农民起义(史称“黄麻起义”)。1935年4月,晋升二级上将,11月当选为国民党中央委员。<BR> 从1929年起,命运的变迁,将徐源泉的军事生涯又一次地转移到家乡湖北,此后两三年内,徐源泉在老家仓埠建公馆,同时,在公馆的侧面,原仓埠巡衙署旧址上起屋办“仓溪小学”,后改为“正源中学”,即前述“新洲第二中学”。也是在这一段时间,徐在武昌昙华林修建西式新古典主义公馆,将家眷安顿在此。每逢战事间隙,徐便赶回武汉与家人团聚。<BR> 1937年,南京保卫战开始,为了安顿唐生智誓死保卫首都的战时决心,蒋介石将大批军队调派给唐指挥,原以为可以作一段时间的坚持,拖住日军有生力量,赢得军队的喘息,换得南京政府逐渐向西撤退。驻湖北的徐源泉部也被派谴,急急东上,参与大战。<BR> 徐的部队在南京城外围,被先被派守栖霞山,后被派守乌龙山,日军以海空军作强势攻击,徐源泉率军抵抗,但最终未能守住要塞。八日之内,南京城外围,所有的制高点相继失陷,最后陷落雨花台,日军居高临下强攻南京城,南京保卫战失败。<BR> 徐和他所率部队,以城外丘陵地带为掩护,得以撤离战场逃得性命。但是城内尚有中国军人十万突围不出,遭到日军残酷屠杀。<BR> 这一场生死惨烈的战事,对于徐源泉的心理状况,绝对有着很大的刺激,即便他曾经半生戎马,后几年,他于军界政界坚决引退,不能说与当年南京保卫战的亲历无关。<BR> 日军攻下南京,一路西下,直逼中原而来。1938年6月,武汉保卫战开始,外围战役地段选在安徽、江西沿江城市进行,阻挡日军进攻军队,迫使其缓慢侵略步伐。第五战区统帅李宗仁因牙疾复发在武汉南湖疗养院住院,蒋介石委任白崇禧领导战事。当时,第五战区第二十六集团军徐源泉部,在安徽境内与敌激战后退守霍山、六安等地阻敌前进。杨森部队守安庆,因力量悬殊血战四昼夜退出。徐部由霍山出太湖切断日军后路,令敌人伤亡惨重。第五战区令杨森部及徐源泉部在安徽一带坚守,作持久战的准备。如此才能给从武汉向西南的“大撤退”留一个稍稍和缓的空间——大武汉于沦陷之前的一番升平歌舞,皆由前方将士以血换取。<BR> 人物生平<BR> 1910年毕业于南洋讲武学堂;在校时加入同盟会。<BR> 1914年起,历任新疆督军府参谋,江苏陆军第六混成旅第二团团副,奉天陆军第三旅第五十五团团长。<BR> 1925年8月,升陆军第十五旅旅长,旋兼任第二方面军团第六军副军长。<BR> 1928年6月为天津临时保卫总司令,旋任国民革命军第三集团军第十一军团总指挥、第六集团军总指挥。国民革命军编遣时,任陆军第四十八师师长。<BR> 1929年夏,任国民党“讨逆军”第十军军长兼四十八师师长。<BR> 1930年3月任鄂北“剿共”总指挥,旋任第十军军长、第四十八师师长,参加“围剿”湘鄂西红军革命根据地,进行反革命“清乡”。<BR> 1935年在国民党三中全会上,当选为中央委员,任湘鄂川边区“剿共”总司令。抗日战争初期,曾在南京,合肥一带阻击日寇,不久卸职,任军事参议院上将参议。武汉解放前逃往香港九龙。<BR>1962年去世。<BR><FONT size=5>徐源泉事迹<BR></FONT> 合肥失守,徐源泉率部退至霍山,8月16日,徐部退至湖北,由廖磊指挥,驻大别山南麓以侧面阻击沿长江北岸来犯之地。9月29日,日军以海陆空三军配合作战,攻陷田家镇要塞,10月24日,日军破黄陂,打开通往武汉市的最后一道屏障。徐所属二十六集团军在潜山王家牌楼一战伤亡惨重,徐遂率部往平汉铁路(京汉铁路)以西转移。<BR> 武汉保卫战已坚持五个月,经历了大小战役数十次,伤日军陆军五万,击沉舰支过百,毁日军飞机百余架,虽然最终仍然不能抵挡日军绝对的优势,但是也达到了消耗敌人、在一定时间内阻拦敌人前进的战略目的。1938年10月25日,国民革命军军委会下令放弃武汉。<BR>武汉会战末期,李宗仁病愈归来重执第五战区军权。<BR> 武汉沦陷之后,李宗仁检点武汉会战战况,准备“杀一儆百”,严肃军纪以利再战,于是没有后台老板的徐源泉便成了他整肃的第一个目标。1939年,李宗仁以“违反军令”罪逮捕徐至西安关押,电请蒋介石将其撤职拿办。蒋介石是否回电答复?我所查资料未见记录,而徐源泉本人去台湾后所撰写的“回忆录”中也有意识地回避了这个“不愉快”的话题。根据《武汉市志·人物传》中徐的简介:徐被关押至1942年,经军法总监、湖北老乡何成浚代为在蒋介石面前求情,才得以释放。<BR> 1942年后,徐在重庆,任重庆政府军事参议院上将参议。这是一个闲官,可能是蒋介石对他的安抚。据徐的回忆:徐的军队已在南京及武汉两大战役中伤亡殆尽,心灰意冷的他,再也没有了统军作战的兴趣。当年,那一个率领三百学生军于汉口大智门首战清军的年轻军人而今安在。<BR>抗战后期,徐源泉全心致力于实业。此前,徐驻军湖北,早已于军事之暇开始商业和工业活动,在沙市、汉口、湖南沿江设码头,购置轮船十余艘,发展内河航运,另在汉口、汉阳开工厂、银行、公司,利用执掌军权的便利,于商业经营中牟取暴利。来到重庆之后,徐驾轻就熟,继续在川江上发展他的航运事业。<BR>1945年,抗战胜利,徐源泉回到武汉,彻底退出军界,全然是一个响当当的一个实业资产者了。1949年以前,徐任大冶源华煤矿公司理事长,在沙市修马路建公园,赞助修建仓埠与邻县相通之公路,成立汽车公司、轮船局、在家乡开办电灯厂、轧花厂、碾米厂、印刷厂、女子针织业社、药店,及其它店铺等等。<BR> <FONT size=5> 徐源泉办学<BR></FONT> 1931年5月,国民党第十军军长徐源泉,决定在家乡仓埠兴办学校,并自任董事长。是年底,校舍落成,取名仓溪小学,座落在仓子埠旧巡衙署。<BR> 1932年2月,仓溪小学正式招生授课。一学期后,由当时的黄冈县教育局立案,并报省教育厅备案,正式定名为培源小学。1934年3月,徐源泉又创办了培源中学,呈请国民政府教育部立案时,改名为正源中学,小学也更名为正源小学。<BR> 正源中学随着规模的扩大,学生慕名而来者颇多,除本县学生外,还有武汉、黄陂、红安、麻城等地的学生。万耀煌在《正源中学第三届同学录序》中说:“徐公,初设中学于黄冈仓子埠,而名之曰正源,其所收多乡里清寒之子。“当时从武汉来的一些学生,身穿西装,足登皮鞋,徐源泉见了,极不高兴,在一次训话中:“我这个学校只要穿草鞋的学生,不要穿皮鞋的学生,你们可要当心点!”<BR> 1936年,已当上国民党中央执行委员的徐源泉,还念念不忘办学。他一方面巩固正源中学,一方面积极筹办正源大学,希图使仓埠镇具有从小学到大学的一条龙教育园地仓埠的百姓闻言颇为高兴,予以积极支持。特别是曾姓族人,主动让地作正源大学的校址。徐源搞活市场为了感谢曾姓族人,特制一块“嘉惠青年”的牌匾,赠给曾家祠堂。<BR> 1937年日寇侵华,徐源泉已擢升为第二十六集团军总司令,即投入抗日战场,无暇顾及办学,正源大学一事搁浅,正源中学也在1938年停办了。抗日战争胜利后,正源中学复课,而正源大学终未能办成。<BR>时代洪流浩浩荡荡,这是徐源泉始料不及的。正源中学开办不久,中共地下党组织便在学生中发展了一批**员,著名诗人曾卓就是在正源中学读书时入党的。在正源学生中,既有才思横溢的著名作家、诗人,也有红星闪耀的将军。 <BR>徐源泉公馆 <BR> 徐源泉公馆坐落在仓埠南下街,民国二十年(公元1931年),由国民党中央执委、第26集团军总司令徐源泉耗资十万大洋修建。公馆坐西朝东,面向井市,背靠武湖,楼台相间,亭池错落游廊四护,古木掩映。全部建筑面积约1170平方米,既有中国传统的民族风格,又具西方建筑特色。正楼上下两栋,进深36.8米,面积575平方米。门楼上镌有“震旦延辉”四字,系黎元洪总统的秘书张贞武手书(文化大革命中被铲平)。内造木楼,前后串通,楼内棱花隔扇,七夺天工;镂空人物、兽、鸟雕像,栩栩如生;西式房门,上呈半圆形;水泥门柱,饰浮雕花卉;地铺水磨石,红底五色花纹。厢房地铺木板。右房建地下室。楼外重檐叠构,角牙飞耸。檐上雕有如意斗拱,檐下饰有各种故事。正楼后面有牌楼、门房、卫兵室;左侧有花园、假山、六角亭;东南有正源中学、正源小学。花园里,春有花,夏有荫,秋有果,冬有绿。赏心悦目,美不胜收。</P></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P> 解放后,徐源泉公馆为新洲县第二中学所用;正源中学、正源小学也改作新洲师范学校及其附属小学的校园。1984年、1988年,徐源泉公馆被新洲县和武汉市人民政府列为重点文物保护单位,供海内外游客观光游览。</P>
[ 本帖最后由 徐天奎 于 2009-10-2 13:10 编辑 ]
例文徐庭瑶
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">徐庭瑶(1892-1974),原名其瑶,字月祥。安徽省无为县开城镇先锋人。1892年10月9日生。早年在芜湖皖江中学就读。1912年毕业后,考入武昌陆军第二预备学校。1914年考入保定陆军军官学校第三期步兵科,被编入第四连,与张治中,白崇禧,蔡廷锴等同期同科。1916年8月毕业天保定军官学校第3期步科。初任安武军见习官,后投参战军任连长。1920年回乡当小学教员。1922年后在粤军任连长、营长。1925年8月任国民党军队第1军第3师第8团团长,参加了北伐。1928年6月任第1军第2师师长,1932年6月改任第4师师长。未几,任鄂豫晥</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">剿匪军</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">右路军第1纵队指挥官,因</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">功</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">在立煌(今金寨)县设</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">月祥街</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。1933年3月任第17军军长,率部参加长城古北口抗战。11月,任保定行营主任兼第17军军长。不久,率代表团赴德、法、苏等国考察军事、交通。回国后,撰成《机械化军备论》一书。1935年4月被授于中将军衔。5月,任训练总监部交通兵监及通信兵监二职。1937年11月至1946年5月任军事委员会军官训练团教育委员会委员。1938年2月任军训部机械兵监,11月兼任新编第11军军长。1939年12月兼任第38集团军总司令,指挥了昆仑关战役,歼灭日军6000余人,后专任机械兵监之职。1946年11月任制宪国民大会代表。1948年3月任第一届国民大会代表。1949年4月任陆军总司令部装甲兵司令,后去台湾。病故前任</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">总统府战略顾问</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。 <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐庭瑶祖居邑境,为域内巨族。父明阶,尝举於乡,鸿博名儒,望重乡间。母金氏,身出缙绅,性仁惠,乐施舍,泽被贫困,贤行传闾裏。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 庭瑶幼承庭训,六岁启蒙,从祖读诗书,聪慧逾常人。光绪二十六年,庭瑶肄业於县立书院。三十二年,转入皖江中学。越五年,毕业。民国初肇,庭瑶睹以时局艰危,国敝民疲。痛疾故邦危弱,志切报国,遂投笔从戎,考入武昌陆军第二预备学校。是岁,庭瑶年二十。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 三年,毕业。至保定,考入陆军军官学校。为第三期步兵生,与张治中,白崇禧,蔡廷锴等同期科。五年冬,毕业,入皖督倪嗣冲所部为见习官。初,直、皖、奉之间屡相兵戎见。国势日下,生民流离。嗣冲为奉督,地近苏、浙,与直系接境,故是多忌惮。嗣冲视皖军如私业,军校毕业诸生多蒙冷落,辄以欺淩。军中士卒多嗜鸦片,扰民滋事。庭瑶知其故,辄隐忍之,欲俟机以去。後,见习期满,值欧战正酣,北洋国府筹组参战军,将对德宣战。庭瑶闻,率先投効。遂授以连长。团长刘某,於士卒多行横暴。庭瑶绝望,遂有去意。九年,庭瑶弃军归乡,为小学教员。如是者凡五岁。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 十三年冬,南下投粤军。为同窗所荐,授以许崇智部东路讨贼军第一旅连长。十四年春,随蒋公东征,讨陈烱明。庭瑶於阵中,奋勇善战。未几,拔潮汕,积功晋营长。後,克台山,事平,即归广州。九月,以功晋第一军第三师第八团团副。寻,刘震寰、杨希闵叛踞穗城。庭瑶率本部与党军诸部协以讨平之。後,蒋公为粤师主将,发大军东征,复讨烱明。令庭瑶部攻惠州。时,杨坤如为惠州守将,坚城以守。庭瑶密组突击队,亲冒弹石,率众从云梯攀北门城垣,竟奋勇攀至城上。坤如军惊骇,弃垣散走,惠州乃克。翌日,蒋公亲莅庭瑶军中慰勉,立擢庭瑶为团长。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 十五年,蒋公为国民革命军总司令,誓师北伐,亲率大军出湘赣。北洋闽督周荫人,乘间率部南下,走龙岩入驻永定,将窥粤师後。蒋公令何应钦为东路军总指挥,镇潮汕。应钦令第三师攻永定,第八团为前锋。庭瑶领命,以奇谋夜袭永定城,拔之。俘敌逾万,缴枪万馀。荫人仅以身免。既克,庭瑶奉命迂敌後,与粤军诸部劲旅合围直军。及战,毙直将刘俊。俊既死,余众三万馀皆降。时,直将张毅镇漳州,曹万顺镇汀州、杜起云镇上杭,闻俊兵败死,皆率部举境降。後,毅率兵叛,自漳、泉出,将攻福州。庭瑶率本部兵与诸部合以奋击,大破之,生俘毅,戮之。庭瑶因是晋独立第四师副师长。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 十六年,晋第二师副师长,继以北伐,军次镇江。时,直将孙传芳方统军偷渡长江,抵龙潭,将反攻南京。庭瑶率第二师奉命兼程逆击,大破之。传芳二十余万四散崩溃,自此瓦解。六月,以殊功晋中将师长,自南京渡江,继以北进。秋,率部入皖,奉命死守临淮关,屡败奉军。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 十七年,协友军自柳泉北进,克郯城。五月,拔济南。三十日,倭贼构难济南,残杀我军民三千馀。时,蒋公亲镇泰安。为北伐大计,令诸部不与倭贼暂计短长,谕大军绕济南北上,令庭瑶率部坚守济南。亲以手谕曰:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">济南为我军黄河流域唯一根据地,此次特派兄任此卫城之责,以兄之胆力、智慧,皆能胜任也。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">大军北渡黄河,济南岿然不动,庭瑶力也。後,庭瑶率部北进,势如破竹,奉军残部望风皆去。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 十七年春,北伐功成。国府缩改诸军,军缩为师、师缩为旅。庭瑶改授第一师第一旅中将旅长。俄,奉命击冯玉祥。庭瑶率部发许昌,走临汝,协友军击玉祥部,大破之。玉祥部西去,遁走潼关。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 十九年春,唐生智以兵构难称乱,踞境反。国府授庭瑶以为第一师代师长,讨之。时值隆冬,天大雪。庭瑶率部与生智军激战经旬。毙伤生智卒逾万,俘二万余,擒军长、师长以下诸将二十馀人。捷闻,以功晋第一师师长。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 後,冯玉祥、阎锡山联兵叛。蒋公电檄诸将讨之,遂会战于中原。庭瑶率部与冯军会战于张砦。庭瑶亲至前敌督战,为霰弹所中,折一臂,中创五,伤及腕、颚。蒋公闻,急调专车护送入沪调治。留医数月,稍痊。寻,蒋公召见,慰勉有加,以其奋勇作战,屡建殊勋,特调任第四师师长。令率部镇杭州,兼以整训。未几,讨平石友三叛军于河北,讨平刘桂堂匪众。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 二十一年,国府授庭瑶右路军指挥官,入剿豫鄂皖边剿共。与共将徐向前会战于霍邱。时,向前驱四万兵来,气势颇盛。庭瑶率部攻城,拔之。全歼共军第二十五军邝继勋部,继勋浮水遁去,仅以身免。捷闻,蒋公特电奖勉,嘉以懋功懋赏。二十二年,勒碑纪其功,上亲笔书文,以述之。以功晋第十七军军长,镇蚌埠。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 庭瑶既入,整训诸军,并兼警备司令,以兵剿皖北匪患。将行,体恤民艰,酌定免赋减租之法,书衙以陈。後,府令行之。受惠者相率来归,视以万家生佛。父老感其恩泽,特立徐公德政碑,崇德报功,以寿贞瑉。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 二十二年,倭贼陷热河,驱兵破古北口。国府令庭瑶率第十七军驰援。镇于古北口之南,为国军次防,以狙贼进。又协第三十二军守喜峰口。贼闻国军精锐大至,患之。改令命大将西义一率第六、第八二师团迂隘,疾犯南天门。庭瑶为第八军团署理总指挥领上将衔,率部与贼激战三昼夜,伤亡互重,贼锋顿挫。贼又由承德调第十六师团援。是时,贼集步兵三万馀,火炮六十馀门,战车三十馀辆,轰炸机十馀架,猛攻南天门之南石匣镇。庭瑶恃险奋击,予贼重创。未几,贼断庭瑶军後,遂弃垣退守北平。及大军撤,号令整肃,四万馀人分五路南归,安然以返。上闻,有语嘉赏。後,奉令南归,复镇蚌埠。立第十七军抗日阵亡将士公墓於城郊。及成,蒋公率何应钦等国府政要亲临致祭,题颁鸿文,镌石悼念。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 秋,国府授以军事委员会保定行营主任。庭瑶以石匣镇之役遭遇倭贼多为机械化,患之。遂上书委员长蒋公,语以我军旧式装备,若不兴以机械化,实不足以巩固国防云云。蒋公嘉之,屡称以远虑卓识。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 二十三年春,遣庭瑶率团赴欧美诸国考察军事及机械化装备之运用。将行,庭瑶为使友邦尊视我国军阶故,自请降衔一级,以中将衔出国。自是,庭瑶不复佩上将衔。及至欧美,凡经意、德、俄、法、英、美等十一国,历十月,博访周谘,收获甚多。及归,庭瑶撰呈考察报告凡六十余万言。其语观察切要,建议中肯,蒋公嘉许之,因令庭瑶筹办交通兵、辎重兵、通信兵三校,负教育长重任,为中国陆军培植骨干。嗣後,庭瑶奉命立装甲兵团与战车营于南京方山,国军机械化之始基,於焉奠立。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 二十五年,居南京,饬训将尉。十二月,西安有变。十二日,蒋公蒙难,中外震惊。国府乃兴师讨伐张学良、杨虎城。以庭瑶为讨逆东路军前敌总指挥,率四十个师进逼西安。二十五日,蒋公安然返京。事平,国府授以青天白日勋章。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 二十九年,抗战方殷,西南危急。庭瑶奉命以机械化学校教育长兼第三十八集团军总司令,率师入桂南御贼。十二月,统筹第五军诸部击贼于昆仑关,歼灭贼将板垣第五师团主力,杀五千人,光复关城。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 三十二年,奉命奔印度,立战车训练班於军中,训练干部八百余人。後,分编入七战车营,参与盟军缅北作战,屡建奇功,瓦鲁班一役,大破贼第十八师团,卤获贼关防及军旗,扬威异域,史称</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">三三大捷。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 三十五年,复员归南京,调授国防部科学委员会主任委员。自是不复领命疆场。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 三十七年秋,关东国军尽墨。冬,徐、蚌危急。三十八年春,上起复庭瑶为装甲兵司令,率部镇上海,拱卫京沪。未几,共军渡江,京、沪相继陷。庭瑶率全师移镇台湾。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 三十九年,奉调为东南长官公署副长官。後,长官公署改组,调为总统府战略顾问。四十一年,自请退伍。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 六十三年十二月,卒,年八十四。赐葬阳明山。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 庭瑶素为蒋公所重,屡蒙颁赏。先後奉颁青天白日,宝鼎一、二等,云麾一、二等,忠勤、忠勇、干城、光华、陆光等勋章凡二十馀座。及其卒,特颁旌忠状及</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">旗常著绩</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">挽额,以慰其忠。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 庭瑶为人,忠谨宽厚,感恩铭报。初,晚清生员崔海崖与庭瑶皆师侍同邑孝廉金仲石,相善。庭瑶家贫,将从戎,入海崖宅辞行。海崖赠赆仪银元四、长衫一。庭瑶深感念之。後庭瑶任军长,崔有请托,无不应者,铭感之深如此。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 庭瑶学养湛深,治军之余,潜心著作,计有《步兵操典之研究》、《步兵急要小动作》、《带兵要则》等二十馀种,皆传世。庭瑶於工厂管理、机械设备等之研究,亦极透澈,并提倡</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">军备革命</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">兵学革命</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">及</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">军人人生哲学</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">等。于装甲兵之技尤擅长,军中号以</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">装甲兵之父。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 又好藏书,典籍环积。民国六十年,捐所藏元明善本古籍千卷于国立故宫博物院。喜金石,工书,自成一体。尝自书座右铭云:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 聪明睿智守之以诚,豪迈英勇守之以谨, 功冠群伦守之以让,广蒙盛誉守之以谦。不与矜饰人争荣誉,不与盛气人争是非。 权利,怨之府也;声名,谤之媒也。 何以止怨,曰:不争。何以止谤,曰:无辩。 当仁不让是谓有志,当忍不忍是谓无量。 经一番挫折长一番识见,容一分横逆增一分气度,学一分谦让讨一分便宜,加一分体贴知一分情理。 一念疏忽是错起头,一念决裂是错到底。 绝大勋劳只怕一个矜字,最大过失可贵一个悔字。 心不妄念,口不妄言,所以存诚。内不欺已,外不欺人,所以慎独。 不负所学,不负生民,所以用世。 困辱非忧,取困辱为忧;荣利非乐,忘荣利为乐。 繁华境遇一过,辄生凄凉,清淡生活历久,愈有意味。持身如冰清玉洁,操行如白日青天,言论如敲金嘎石,襟怀如霁月光风。 居间罕闻嘻笑怒骂,以正其范;座右遍书名谚格言,以励其志。 其状如愚,适成其自卫之智;自舞其智,适见其自欺之愚。克己如负重登山,志虽已立,而力恐不及; 放任如驶车走阪,力虽不加,而轮莫能止。 防欲如挽逆流之舟,才歇手便下流;力善如缘无枝之树,才住脚便下坠。 花繁柳密处,拨得开方是手段;风狂雨骤时,立得定才见脚跟。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 庭瑶凡二子二女:子先汇、先涛,女先凤、先文。先汇妻李敏瑞,先涛妻焦东秀。四子皆成人。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> 史臣曰:清季以来,神州之劫,历运多舛。《海国图志》云 :</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">师夷之长技以制夷。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">时人言者多矣!而实行於此道者,有如庭瑶者乎?起於颠沛之间,宏济艰虞,卓昭靖献。抚桃育李,下自成蹊。装甲铁军,亲以铸造。天不憗道,覆军徐蚌。铁甲斯远,灰飞烟灭。此盖天数之运也,惜哉!</SPAN>
[ 本帖最后由 徐天奎 于 2009-10-2 13:15 编辑 ]
例文 徐光启
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">简介<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启(1562年4月24日-1633年11月10日),中国明末科学家,农学家,政治家,中西文化交流的先驱之一。字子先,号玄扈,教名保禄。汉族。南直隶松江府上海县(今上海市)人,天主教徒,并且被称为</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">圣教三柱石</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">之首。万历三十二年(1604)进士。通天文、历算,习火器。入天主教,与意大利人利玛窦研讨学问。四十年,充历书纂修官,与传教士熊三拔共制天、地盘等观象仪。次年遭讦,称病去职,屯耕于天津。四十七年,明军败于萨尔浒,疏请自效,擢河南道御史,练兵通州。熹宗即位,以志不得展,藉病归。天启元年(1621)复职,力请铸红夷炮御敌,后忤魏忠贤革职。崇祯元年(1628)召还,奉敕督领历清军。三年,疏陈垦田、水利、救荒、盐法等拯时急务,擢礼部尚书,奉旨与传教士龙华民、邓玉函、罗雅各等修正历法。五年,以礼部尚书兼殿阁大学士入参机务。崇祯六年(1633年)卒于北京。赠少保,谥文定。著有REN《徐氏庖言》、《诗经六帖》,编著《农政全书》、《崇祯历书》,译《几何原本》、《泰西水法》等。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">早年<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 明嘉靖四十一年(1562年),生于南直隶松江府上海县法华汇(今上海市,为了纪念徐光启而改名为徐家汇)一个小商人的家里。当时的法华汇还不是城市而是乡村,四周都是种满庄稼的农田。徐光启小时候进学堂读书,就很留心观察周围的农事,对农业生产有着浓厚的兴趣。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 青少年时代的徐光启,聪敏好学,活泼矫健,当时人们说他</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">章句、帖括、声律、书法均臻佳妙</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,喜欢雪天登城,在龙华寺读书时喜登塔顶,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">与鹊争处,俯而喜</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。万历九年(1581)中秀才,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">便以天下为己任。为文钩深抉奇,意义自畅</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,他曾说道</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">文宜得气之先,造理之极,方足炳辉千古</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。这是由神童到才子的形象。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 二十岁考中秀才以后,他在家乡和广东、广西教书,白天给学生上课,晚上广泛阅读古代的农书,钻研农业生产技术。由于农业生产同天文历法、水利工程的关系非常密切,而天文历法、水利工程又离不开数学,他又进一步博览古代的天文历法、水利和数学著作。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 万历九年中秀才后,因家境关系,徐光启开始在家乡教书。加之连年自然灾害,他参加举人考试又屡试不中,这期间,他备受辛苦。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">[编辑本段]接触近代科学<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 大约是在万历二十一年(1593),徐光启受聘去韶州任教,二年后又转移至浔州。徐光启在韶州见到了传教士郭居静(L.Cattaneo)。这是徐光启与传教士的第一次接触。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 在郭居静那儿,他第一次见到一幅世界地图,知道在中国之外竟有那么大的一个世界;又第一次听说地球是圆的,有个叫麦哲伦的西洋人乘船绕地球环行了一周;还第一次听说意大利科学家伽利略制造了天文望远镜,能清楚地观测天上星体的运行。所有这些,对他来说,都是闻所未闻的新鲜事。从此,他又开始接触西方近代的自然科学,知识更加丰富了。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 明朝末年,满洲叛乱分子不时对明朝发动进攻,整个社会处在动荡不安的状态。徐光启富于爱国的热忱,他希望能够利用科学技术帮助国家富强起来,使天下的黎民过上</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">丰衣食,绝饥寒</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">的安定富裕的生活。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 万历二十五年(1597),徐光启由广西入京应试,本已落选,但却被主考官焦竑(1540</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">—</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1620)于落第卷中检出并拔置为第一名。现在看来,徐、焦二人都主张文章学问应该</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">益于德,利于行,济于事</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,或许在经世致用思想上的一致,徐光启才被焦竑赏识并被拔置第一的。但不久焦竑被劾丢官,转年徐光启参加会试也未能考中进士。他便又回到家乡课馆教书。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 在同郭居静交往的时候,徐光启听说到中国来传教的耶稣会会长利玛窦精通西洋的自然科学,就到处打听他的下落,想当面向他请教。1600年,他得到了利玛窦正在南京传教的消息,即专程前往南京拜访。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 利玛窦是意大利人,原名叫玛太奥·利奇(Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610)。他从小勤奋好学,对数学、物理学、天文学、医学都很有造诣,而且擅长制作钟表、日晷(gui鬼,日晷是古代一种测定时间的仪器),善于绘制地图和雕刻。三十岁从神学院毕业,利玛窦被耶稣会派到中国来传教。他为了便于同中国人交往,刻苦学习中国的语言、文字和古代文化,换上中国的服装,按照中国的礼节和风俗习惯进行活动,还为自己取了利玛窦这样一个中国名字。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启见到利玛窦,对他表示了仰慕之情,希望向他学习西方的自然科学。利玛窦看他是个读书人,也想向他学习中国古代的文化典籍,并热衷发展他为天主教徒,就同他交谈起来。他们从天文谈到地理,又谈到中国和西方的数学。临别的时候,利玛窦对徐光启学习西方自然科学的请求未置可否,却送给他两本宣传天主教的小册子。一本是《马可福音》,讲的是耶稣的故事,另一本是《天主实义》,是利玛窦用中文写的解释天主教义的书。(1603)万历三十一年。经过三年的考虑,徐光启在南京接受洗礼,全家加入了天主教。后来徐光启一直是教会中最为得力的干将。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">仕途<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 万历三十二年(1604)徐光启考中进士,开始步入仕途。徐光启20岁时中秀才,36岁中举人,考中进士时已是43岁,为科举功名共用去了23年时间。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启在未中进士之前,曾长期辗转苦读,在破万卷书、行万里路之后,深知流行于明中叶以后的陆王心学,主张禅静顿悟、反对经世致用,实为误国害民。有人记述徐光启当时的变化说:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(他)尝学声律、工楷隶,及是悉弃去,(专)习天文、兵法、屯、盐、水利诸策,旁及工艺数学,务可施用于世者。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">还有人记述说</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">公初筮仕入馆职,即身任天下,讲求治道,博极群书,要诸体用。诗赋书法,素所善也,既谓雕虫不足学,悉屏不为,专以神明治历律兵农,穷天人指趣。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(邹漪《启祯野乘·徐文定传》、张溥为徐光启《农政全书》所写序言)徐光启思想上的如此转变,使他的后半生走上了积极主张经世致用、崇尚实学的道路。徐光启是明学术界、思想界兴起的实学思潮中的一位有力的鼓吹者、推动者。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启考中进士,后担任翰林院庶吉士的官职,在北京住了下来。在馆所撰课艺,如《拟上安边御敌疏》、《拟缓举三殿及朝门工程疏》、《处置宗禄边饷议》、《漕河议》等,表现了徐光启忧国忧民的思虑和渊博的治国安邦的谋略。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 利玛窦在同徐光启见面的第二年,也来到了北京。他向明神宗贡献礼品,得到明神宗的批准,在宣武门外置了一处住宅,长期留居下来,进行传教活动。徐光启在公余之暇,常常去拜访利玛窦,彼此慢慢熟悉了,开始建立起较深的友谊。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1606年,徐光启再次请求利玛窦传授西方的科学知识,利玛窦爽快地答应了。他用公元前三世纪左右希腊数学家欧几里得的著作《原本》做教材,对徐光启讲授西方的数学理论。利玛窦每两天讲授一次,徐光启总是准时到达。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 经过一段时间的学习,徐光启完全弄懂了欧几里得这部著作的内容,深深地为它的基本理论和逻辑推理所折服,认为这些正是我国古代数学的不足之处。于是,徐光启建议利玛窦同他合作,一起把它译成中文。开始,利玛窦对这个建议颇感犹豫,因为欧几里得的这部著作是用拉丁文写的,拉丁文和中文语法不同,词汇也很不一样,书里的许多数学专业名词在中文里都没有相应的现成词汇。要译得准确、流畅而又通俗易懂,是很不容易的。早先曾有一个姓蒋的举人同利玛窦合作试译过,就因为这个缘故而不得不半途而废。但徐光启认为只要肯下功夫,总是可以译成的。在他的一再劝说下,利玛窦也就同意了。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 从1606年的冬天开始,开始了紧张的翻译工作。先由利玛窦用中文逐字逐句地口头翻译,再由徐光启草录下来。译完一段,徐光启再字斟句酌地作一番推敲修改,然后由利玛窦对照原著进行核对。遇有译得不妥当的地方,利玛窦就把原著再仔细地讲述一遍,让徐光启重新修改,如此反复。徐光启对翻译非常认真,常常是到了深夜,利玛窦休息了,他还独自坐在灯下加工、修改译稿。有时为了确定一个译名,他不断地琢磨、推敲,不知不觉地就忙到天亮。译文里的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">平行线</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">三角形</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">对角</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">直角</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">锐角</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">钝角</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">相似</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">等等中文的名词术语,都是经过他呕心沥血的反复推敲而确定下来的。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1607年的春天,徐光启和利玛窦译出了这部著作的前六卷。徐光启想一鼓作气,接着往下译,争取在年内译完后九卷,但利玛窦却主张先将前六卷刻印出版,听听反映再说。付印之前,徐光启又独自一人将译稿加工、润色了三遍,尽可能把译文改得准确。然后他又同利玛窦一起,共同敲定书名的翻译问题。这部著作的拉丁文原名叫《欧几里得原本》,如果直译成中文,不大象是一部数学著作。如果按照它的内容,译成《形学原本》,又显得太陈旧了。利玛窦说,中文里的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">形学</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,英文叫作</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">Geo</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,它的原意是希腊的土地测量的意思,能不能在中文的词汇里找个同它发音相似、意思也相近的词。徐光启查考了十几个词组,都不理想。后来他想起了</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">几何</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">一词,觉得它与</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">Geo</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">音近意切,建议把书名译成《几何原本》,利玛窦感到很满意。1607年,《几何原本》前六卷正式出版,马上引起巨大的反响,成了明末从事数学工作的人的一部必读书,对发展我国的近代数学起了很大的作用。后来,徐光启虽然没有能够再和利玛窦一起译出《几何原本》的后九卷,但他又陆续写了许多其他的科学著作。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 万历三十五年(1607)散馆,授翰林院检讨,不久丧父,返乡守制。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 万历三十八年(16l0)徐光启守制期满,回京复职,此后除几次临时性差事之外,一直担任较为闲散的翰林院检讨。和当时一般文人官吏热衷于笔墨应酬不同,徐光启用较多的时间进行天文、算法、农学、水利等科学技术研究,从事了不少这方面的翻译和写作。在写给亲戚的信中徐光启自述道:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">昨岁偶以多言之故,谬用历法见推……惟欲遂以此毕力,并应酬文墨一切迸除矣。何者?今世作文集至千百万言者非乏,而为我所为者无一有。历虽无切于用,未必更无用于今之诗文也。况弟辈所为之历算之学,渐次推广,更有百千有用之学出焉。如今岁偶尔讲求数种用水之法,试一为之,颇觉于民事为便……弟年来百端俱废者,大半为此事所夺。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(《徐光启集·致老亲家书》)其中的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">用水之法</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,指的是万历四十年(1612)与传教士熊三拔(S.de Ursis)合译的《泰西水法》,书中介绍了西洋的水利工程作法和各种水利机械。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 在此期间,徐光启还与传教士合作再次校订了《几何原本》并出版了第二版。同时他还为李之藻与利玛窦合译的《同文算指》(此书介绍了西方的笔算数学)、熊三拔编著的介绍天文仪器的《简平仪说》等书写了序言。这些序言表达了徐光启对传人的西方科技知识的看法。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 向传教士学习科技知识的同时,徐光启对他们的传教活动也进行了协助,帮他们刊刻宗教书籍,对传教士的活动也有所庇护。徐光启的这许多行为,多被朝臣误解,加上与其他官员的一些意见不合,因此他辞去工作,在天津购置土地,种植水稻、花卉、药材等。万历四十一年至四十六年(16l3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">—</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1618)间,他在天津从事农事试验,其余时间则多是往来于京津之间。这期间,徐光启写成</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">粪壅规则</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(施肥方法),并写成他后来的农学方面巨著《农政全书》的编写提纲。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 万历四十六年(1618)北方后金叛乱军队袭击边关,经人介绍推荐,明廷召徐光启于病中。徐光启在写给焦竑的信中写道:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">国无武备,为日久矣,一朝衅起,遂不可文。启才职事皆不宜兵戎之役,而义无坐视,以负国恩与师门之教</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。他不但自己力疾赴命,同时还感召别人放弃安适生活,共赴国难。至天启三年(1621)的三年多时间里,徐光启从事逃兵、练兵的工作。这时他虽已年近60,而保国守土的爱国忠心,昭昭可鉴,不让壮年。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 万历四十七年(16l9),徐光启以詹事府少詹事兼河南道监察御史的新官衔督练新军。他主张</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">用兵之道,全在选练</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">选需实选,练需实练</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。这期间他写了各种军事方面的奏疏、条令、阵法等等,后来大都由他自选编入《徐氏庖言》一书之中。但是由于财政拮据、议臣掣肘等原因,练兵计划并不顺利,徐光启也因操劳过度,于天启元年(1621)三月上疏回天津</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">养病</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,六月辽东兵败,又奉召入京,但终因制造兵器和练兵计划不能如愿,十二月再次辞归天津。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 魏忠贤阉党擅权时,为笼络人心,曾拟委任徐光启为礼部右侍郎兼翰林院侍读学士协理詹事府事的官职,但徐光启不肯就任,引起阉党不满,被劾,皇帝命他</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">冠带闲住</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,于是他回到上海(1624)。在上海</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">闲住</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">期间,他进行《农政全书》的写作(1625一1628)。徐光启自编的军事论集《徐氏庖言》,也是此时刊刻出版的。天启五年(1625)阉党弹劾徐光启练兵为</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">孟浪无对</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">骗官盗饷</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">误国欺君</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">等等,《徐氏庖言》的出版正是对这些不实之词的回答。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 崇祯帝即位,杀魏忠贤,阉党事败。崇祯元年(1628),徐光启官复原职,八月,充日讲官,经筵讲官,为天子师。崇祯二年,他又升为礼部左侍郎,三年升礼部尚书,已是朝廷重臣。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 这期间,徐光启对垦荒、练兵、盐政等方面都多所建白,但其主要精力则是用于修改历法。前此自从与传教士接触之后徐光启即留心天文历法。万历四十年(16l2)就有入推荐由徐光启督修改历,未成。至此崇祯二年(1629)五月朔日食,徐光启恢西法推算,其结果较钦天监为密,九月,朝廷决心改历,令徐光启主持。徐光启从编译西方天文历法书籍人手,同时制造仪器,精心观测,自崇祯四年(1631)起,分五次进呈所编译的图书著作。这就是著名的《崇祯历书》,全书共46种,137卷。别人亲见并记述了他的这段生活,说他</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">扫室端坐,下笔不休,一榻无椎……冬不炉,夏不扇……推算纬度,昧爽细书,迄夜半乃罢。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(张溥为《农政全书》所写的序)这时,徐光启已70岁了,但其研究热情不减,亲自实践,目测笔书,融汇中西,不愧为一代科学家的风范。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 崇祯五年(1632)六月,徐光启以礼部尚书兼东阁大学士入阁,参予机要。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">每日入值,手不停挥,百尔焦劳</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">归寓夜中,篝灯详绎,理其大纲,订其细节</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,这正是他宰相兼科学家繁忙生活的写照。如此繁忙,不久,他就病倒了。这年十一月,加徐光启为太子少保。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 崇祯六年(1633)八月,再加徐光启太子太保、文渊阁大学士兼礼部尚书,至此,他已是位极人臣了。十一月病危,仍奋力写作</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">力疾依榻,犹矻矻捉管了历书</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,并嘱家属</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">速缮成《农书》进呈,以毕吾志</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 崇祯六年(1633)十一月七日,一代哲人逝世,终年72岁,溢文定,墓地现存于上海徐家汇徐墓公园。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">著作<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1603年《毛诗六贴讲义》4卷 1607年《几何原本》前6卷(与利玛窦合译)、《测量法义》(与利玛窦合译) 1608年《测量异同》、《甘薯疏》 1609年《勾股义》 1611年《简平仪说》 1612年《泰西水法》(与熊三拨合译) 1613年</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">—</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1618年《农书草稿》(北耕录) 1614年《定法平方算数》2卷、《刻同文算指序》 1619年《考工记解》、《选练条格》 1620年《农遗杂疏》5卷 1625年</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">—</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1628年《农政全书》60卷 1627年《徐氏庖言》5卷 1629年</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">—</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1633年《崇祯历书》137卷<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">家庭<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 明中叶以来,长江中下游地区,以农业和手工业为主的商品经济得到较明显的发展。在这种社会环境下,个人和家庭在社会中的地位,升降起伏。变化比较大。徐光启的家,从其曾祖父时起,在六七十年间。曾有三次较大的起伏。而徐光启则刚好是诞生在家道第三次中落后的谷底,家境不能算好。但这个家庭对农业和手工业、商业的生产活动是熟悉的。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启的父亲弃商归农,为人</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">博识强记,于阴阳、医术、星相、占候、二氏之书,多所通综,每为人陈说讲解,亦娓娓终日</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。而徐光启的母亲</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">性勤事,早暮纺绩,寒暑不辍</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">每语丧乱事(指使寇入侵),极详委,当日吏将所措置,以何故成败,应当若何,多中机要</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(见徐光启所写</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">先考事略</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">先妣事略</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">)。如此的家庭和父母,对徐光启后来钻研科学技术、重农兵、尚实践、毕生唯勤唯俭、安贫若素等等都有良好的影响。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启的第十六代孙是个军人,他有一个外孙女叫倪桂珍,便是名震中国现代史的宋氏三姐妹的母亲。倪桂珍远远地继承了先祖的风格,是一个虔诚的基督教徒,而且仍然擅长数学。她所哺育的几个女儿对中国现代社会的巨大影响,可看作徐光启发端的上海文明的一次重大呈示。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">科学成就<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1.天文历法<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启在天文学上的成就主要是主持历法的修订和《崇祯历书》的编译。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 编制历法,在中国古代乃是关系到</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">授民以时</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">的大事,为历代王朝所重视。 由于中国古代数学历来以实际计算见长,重视和历法编制之间的关系,因此中国古代历法准确的程度是比较高的。但是到了明末,却明显地呈现出落后的状态。一方面是由于西欧的天文学此时有了飞速的进步,另方面则是明王朝长期执行不准私习天文,严禁民间研制历法政策的结果。明沈德符《万历野获编》所说</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">国初学天文有历禁,习历者遣戍,造历者殊死</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,指的就是此事。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 明代施行的《大统历》,实际上就是元代《授时历》的继续,日久天长,已严重不准。据《明史·历志》记载,自成化年间开始(1481)陆续有人建议修改历法,但建议者不是被治罪便是以</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">古法未可轻变</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">祖制不可改</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">为由遭到拒绝。万历三十八年(16l0)十一月日食,司天监再次预报错误,朝廷决定由徐光启与传教士等共同译西法。供邢云路修改历法时参考,但不久又不了了之。直至崇祯二年五月朔日食,徐光启以西法推算最为精密,礼部奏请开设历局。以徐光启督修历法,改历工作终于走上正轨,但后来满清侵入中原,改历工作在明代实际并未完成。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 当时协助徐光启进行修改历法的中国人有李之藻(1565</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">—</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1630)、李天经(1579</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">—</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1659)等,外国传教士有龙华民(N.Longobardi)、庞迪峨(D.Pantoja)、熊三拔(S.de Ursis)、阳玛诺(E. Diaz)、艾儒略(J.A1eni)、邓玉函(J.Terrenze)、汤若望(J.A.S.von Bell)等。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启在天文历法方面的成就,主要集中于《崇祯历书》的编译和为改革历法所写的各种疏奏之中。《崇祯历书》的编译,自崇祯四年(1631)起直至十一年(1638),始克完成。全书46种,l37卷,是分五次进呈的。前三次乃是徐光启亲自进呈(23种,75卷),后二次都是徐光启死后由李天经进呈的。其中第四次还是徐光启亲手订正(13种,30卷),第五次则是徐氏</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">手订及半</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">最后由李天经完成的(10种,32卷)。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">释义演文,讲究润色,校勘试验</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。负责《崇祯历书》全书的总编工作。此外还亲自参加了其中《测天约说》、《大测》、《日缠历指》、《测量全义》、《日缠表》等书的具体编译工作。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《崇祯历书》采用的是第谷(Tycho)体系。这个体系认为地球仍是太阳系的中心,日、月和诸恒星均作绕地运动。而五星则作绕日运动。这比传教士刚刚到达中国时由利玛窦所介绍的托勒玫(Pto1emy)体系稍有进步,但对当时西方已经出现的更为科学的哥白尼(Copernicus)体系,传教士则未予介绍。《崇祯历书》仍然用本轮、均轮等一套相互关联的圆运动来描述、计算日、月、五星的疾、迟、顺、逆、留、合等现象。对当时西方已有的更为先进的行星三大定律(开普勒三定律),传教士也未予介绍。尽管如此,按西法推算的日月食精确程度已较中国传统的《大统历》为高。此外《崇祯历书》还引入了大地为球形的思想、大地经纬度的计算及球面三角法,区别了太阳近(远)地点和冬(夏)至点的不同,采用了蒙气差修正数值。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 在天文历法上,徐光启介绍了古代托勒玫旧地心说和以当代第谷的新地心说为代表的欧洲天文知识,会通当时的中西历法,主持编译了《崇祯历书》。在历书中,他引进了圆形地球的概念,明晰地介绍了地球经度和纬度的概念。他为中国天文界引进了星等的概念;根据第谷星表和中国传统星表,提供了第一个全天性星图,成为清代星表的基础;在计算方法上,徐光启引进了球面和平面三角学的准确公式,并首先作了视差、蒙气差和时差的订正。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 2.数学<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">几何</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">名称的由来</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">科学家徐光启<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 学过数学的人,都知道它有一门分科叫作</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">几何学</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,然而却不一定知道</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">几何</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">这个名称是怎么来的。在我国古代,这门数学分科并不叫</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">几何</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,而是叫作</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">形学</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">几何</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">二字,在中文里原先也不是一个数学专有名词,而是个虚词,意思是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">多少</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。比如三国时曹操那首著名的《短歌行》诗,有这么两句:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">对酒当歌,人生几何?</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">这里的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">几何</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">就是多少的意思。那么,是谁首先把</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">几何</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">一词作为数学的专业名词来使用的,用它来称呼这门数学分科的呢?这是明末杰出的科学家徐光启。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启在数学方面的成就,概括地说,有三个方面,即(1)论述了中国数学在明代落后的原因;(2)论述了数学应用的广泛性;(3)与意大利传教士利玛窦一起翻译并出版了《几何原本》。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 中国古代数学源远流长,至汉代形成了以《九章算术》为代表的体系,至宋元时期达到发展的高峰,在高次方程和方程组的解法、一次同余式解法、高阶等差级数和高次内插法等方面都取得了辉煌的成就,较西方同类结果要早出数百年之久。但进入明朝以后,宋元数学的许多成果却几乎全都后继无人,逐渐衰废。对这种落后局面的形成原因,徐光启曾有十分精辟的分析。他说:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">算术之学特废于近代数百年间耳。废之缘有二。其一为名理之儒士苴天下实事;其一为妖妄之术谬言数有神理,能知往藏来,靡所不效。卒于神者无一效,而实者亡一存,往昔圣人研以制世利用之大法,曾不能得之士大夫间,而术业政事,尽逊于古初远矣。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">刻《同文算指》序</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">名理之儒士苴天下实事</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,对宋元数学在明代的衰废原因,可谓一语道破。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启在一次关于修改历法的疏奏中,详细论述了数学应用的广泛性。他一共提出了十个方面(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">度数旁通十事</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">),即(1)天文历法;(2)水利工程;(3)音律;(4)兵器兵法及军事工程;(5)会计理财;(6)各种建筑工程;(7)机械制造;(8)舆地测量;(9)医药;(10)制造钟漏等计时器。可以说把数学应用的广泛性,讲述得十分完备。在300余年前,徐光启就能达到如此的认识,实属难能可贵。徐光启还曾建议开展这些方面的分科研究。如果每个学科都设置相应的机构,那将形成一个相当可观的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">科学院</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启在数学方面的最大贡献当推《几何原本》的翻译。《几何原本》是古希腊数学家欧几里得(Euclid)在总结前人成果的基础上于公元前3世纪编成的。这部世界古代的数学名著,以严密的逻辑推理的形式,由公理、公设、定义出发,用一系列定理的方式,把初等几何学知识整理成一个完备的体系。《几何原本》经过历代数学家,特别是中世纪阿拉伯数学家们的注释,经阿拉伯数学家之手再传入欧洲,对文艺复兴以后近代科学的兴起,产生了很大的影响。许多学者认为《几何原本》所代表的逻辑推理方法,再加上科学实验,是世界近代科学产生和发展的重要前提。换言之,《几何原本》的近代意义不单单是数学方面的,更主要的乃是思想方法方面的。徐光启就正确的指出: </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">此书为益,能令学理者祛其浮气,练其精心,学事者资其定法,发其巧思,故举世无一人不当学。……能精此书者,无一事不可精,好学此书者,无一事不可学。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(《徐光启集·几何原本杂议》)直到20世纪初,中国废科举、兴学校,以《几何原本》内容为主要内容的初等几何学方才成为中等学校必修科目,实现了300年前徐光启</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">无一人不当学</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">的预言。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《几何原本》由公理、公设出发给出一整套定理体系的叙述方法,和中国古代数学著作的叙述方法相去甚远。徐光启作为首先接触到达一严密逻辑体系的人,却能对此提出较明确的认识。他说:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">此书有四不必:不必疑、不必揣、不必试、不必改;有四不可得:欲脱之不可得,欲驳之不可得,欲减之不可得,欲前后更置之不可得。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">他还说:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(此书)有三至、三能:似至晦,实至明,故能以其明明他物之至晦;似至繁,实至简,故能以其简简他物之至繁;似至难,实至易,故能以其易易他物之至难。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">他最后说:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">易生于简,简生于明,综其妙,在明而已。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(同上)徐光启提出《几何原本》的突出特点在于其体系的自明性。这种认识是十分深刻的。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 历时一年,《几何原本》译出六卷,刊印发行。徐光启抚摸着此书,感慨道:这部光辉的数学著作在此后的一百年里,必将成为天下学子必读之书,但到那时候只怕已太晚了。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 可历史,比他预感的更悲哀。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 明朝覆亡,满清侵入中原之后,科学再度被打入了</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">冷宫</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。不但书的后半部分迟迟不能翻译,就连他已经译出的上半部分也不再发行。西方传教士带来的科技著作,成为康熙、雍正或乾隆皇帝独享的业余爱好。直到晚清废科举、兴新式学堂时,几何学才成为学生的必修课程,这与徐光启发出的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">百年</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">之叹,又晚了近两百年。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 而历史有多少个百年可以蹉跎,国家又有多少项科技能丢弃于路上? <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 3.农学<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启出身农家,自幼即对农事极为关心。他的家乡地处东南沿海,水灾和风灾频繁,这使他很早就对救灾救荒感兴趣,并且讲究排灌水利建设。步入仕途之后,又利用在家守制、赋闲等各种时间,在北京、天津和上海等地设置试验田,亲自进行各种农业技术实验。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启一生关于农学方面的著作甚多,计有《农政全书》(大约完成于1525</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">—</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">1528年间,死后经陈子龙改编出版于1639年)、《甘薯疏》(1608)、《农遗杂疏》(1612,现传本已残)、《农书草稿》(又名《北耕录》)、《泰西水法》(与熊三拔共译,16l2)等等。徐光启对农书的著述与他对天文历法的著述相比,从卷帙来看,数量虽不那样多,但花费时间之长、用功之勤,实皆有过之而无不及。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 其中,《农政全书》又堪称代表。此书是徐光启殁后,经陈子龙删改(大约删者十之三,增者十之二)后成书的。《农政全书》共分12门(农本、田制、农事、水利、农器、树艺、蚕桑、蚕桑广类、种植、收养、制造、荒政),60卷,70余万言。书中大部分篇幅,是分类引录了古代的有关农事的文献和明朝当时的文献;徐光启自己撰写的文字大约有6万字。正如陈子龙所说,《农政全书》是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">杂采众家</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">又</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">兼出独见</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">的著作,而时人对徐氏自著的文字评价甚高:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">人间或一引先生独得之言,则皆令人拍案叫绝。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(刘献廷《广阳杂记》)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《农政全书》主要包括农政思想和农业技术两大方面,而农政思想约占全书一半以上的篇幅。徐光启的农政思想主要表现在以下几个方面:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> (1)用垦荒和开发水利的方法来力图发展北方的农业生产。我国自魏晋以来,全国的政治中心常在北方而粮食的供给、农业的中心又常在南方,每年需耗资亿万来进行漕运,实现南粮北调。时至明末,漕运已成为政府财政较大的隐患之一。徐光启主张发展北方农业生产来解决这一问题(垦荒、水利、移民等)。与此同时,在《农政全书》中,徐光启也用了四卷的篇幅来讲述东南(尤指太湖)地区的水利、淤淀和湖垦。他还对棉花在东南地区的种植、推广进行了不少研究。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> (2)备荒、救荒等荒政,是徐光启农政思想的又一重要内容。他提出了</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">预弭为上,有备为中,赈济为下</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">的以预防为主(即指</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">浚河筑堤、宽民力、祛民害</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">)的方针。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 农业技术方面:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> (1)破除了中国古代农学中的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">唯风土论</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">思想。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">风</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">指的气候条件,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">土</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">指土壤等地理条件,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">唯风土论</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">主张:作物宜于在某地种植与否,一切决定于风土,而且一经判定则永世不变。徐光启举出不少例证,说明通过试验可以使过去被判为不适宜的作物得到推广种植。徐光启的有风土论但不唯风土论的思想,推进了农业技术的发展。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> (2)进一步提高了南方的旱作技术,例如种麦避水湿、与蚕豆轮作等增产技术。他还指出了棉、豆、油菜等旱作技术的改进意见,特别是对长江三角洲地区棉田耕作管理技术,提出了</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">精拣核(选种)、早下种、深根短干、稀稞肥壅</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">的十四字诀。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> (3)推广甘薯种植,总结栽培经验。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> (4)总结蝗虫虫灾的发生规律和治蝗的方法。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 4.军事<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启幼年时期,其家乡一带屡遭倭寇蹂躏,因而从早年起即关心兵事。他在写给焦竑的一封信中说:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(光启)少尝感愤倭奴蹂践,梓里丘墟,因而诵读之暇稍习兵家言。时时窃念国势衰弱,十倍宋季,每为人言富强之术:富国必以本业,强国必以正兵。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(《徐光启集·复太史焦师座》)以农业为富国之本,以正兵为强国之本,徐光启正是基于这样的认识,一贯重视军事科学技术的研究。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 早在刚刚被选考为翰林院庶吉士时,徐光启便在《拟上安边御虏疏》中提出了</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">设险阻、整车马、备器械、造将帅、练戎卒、严节制、信赏罚</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,但他认为这些都不过是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">世俗之常谈,国家之功令</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。他这篇御敌疏的中心内容则是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">于数者之中,更有两言焉。日求精,曰责实。……苟求其精,则远略巧心之士相于讲求,经岁而未尽;苟责其实,则忠公忧国之臣所为太息流涕者,十倍于贾谊而未已也</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">求精</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">和</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">责实</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">是徐光启军事思想的核心。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启还大力宣扬管仲</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">八无敌</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(材料、工艺、武器、选兵、军队的政教素质、练兵、情报、指挥)和晁错的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">四预敌</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(器械不利、选兵不当、将不知兵、君不择将</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。做到</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">八无敌</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">即可无敌于天下,如果是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">四预敌</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">则兵无不败。据此他提出了</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">极求真材以备用</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">极造实用器械以备中外守战</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">极行选练精兵以保全胜</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">极造都城万年台(炮台)以为永永无虞之计</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">极遣使臣监护朝鲜以联外势</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(《徐光启集·辽左陷危已甚疏》)。这些办法和措施,都是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">八无敌</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">四预敌</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">思想与</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">求精</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">责实</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">精神相结合的产物。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 在上述这些办法和措施中,徐光启尤其注重对士兵的选练,他提出了</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">选需实选,练需实练</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">的主张。万历四十八年(1620)二月开始,徐光启受命在通州、昌平等地督练新军。在此期间他撰写了《选练百字诀》、《选练条格》、《练艺条格》、《束伍条格》、《形名条格》(列阵方法)、《火攻要略》(火炮要略)、《制火药法》等等。这些</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">条格</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,实际上乃是徐光启撰写的各种条令和法典,也是我国近代较早的一批条令和法典。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《选练百字诀》和《选练条格》等等,体现了徐光启</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">实选</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">实练</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">的责实精神。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 除此之外,徐光启还特别注重制器,非常关心武器的制造,尤其是火炮的制造。管状火器本是中国的发明创造,但时至明代末年。制造火器的技术已逐渐落后,由于边防的需要,急需引进火炮制造技术。为此,徐光启曾多方建议,不断上疏。徐光启还对火器在实践中的运用,对火器与城市防御,火器与攻城,火器与步、骑兵种的配合等各个方面部有所探求。徐光启可以称得上是中国军事技术史上提出火炮在战争中应用理论的第一个人。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 近代科学的先驱<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启墓,位于上海市徐汇区南丹路的光启公园内,原墓地占地20亩,共有10个墓穴,葬徐光启及其夫人吴氏,左右是四个孙子夫妇。墓前立有石碑、石人、石马、华表、石牌坊等物。石牌坊上正中额题</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">文武元勋</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">;右题</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">熙朝元辅</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,左题</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">王佐儒宗</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,正中额下题:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">明故大夫太子太保赠少保太保礼部尚书兼文渊阁大学士徐文定公墓阙</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。石牌坊镌有对联,上联</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">治历明农百世师经天纬地</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,下联</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">出将入相一个臣奋武揆文</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。到清光绪二十九年(1903年)墓前原碑坊已失,石人、石马、华表均在。江南天主教会在徐光启进教三百年,为纪念这位</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">保禄</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">阁老,重修其墓地,又于墓前另置大石十字架一座,座旁志刻立碑缘起,并附有拉丁文碑文。清末由于墓地年久失修,缩为18亩。民国22年(1933年)为纪念徐光启逝世三百年,又在十字架四周围以铁栏,其下筑人造石栏杆和水泥路。抗日战争期间墓地荒废,空地成菜畦。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 新中国建立后,由上海市文化局对徐光启墓地拨款整修,重建十字架基台,并公布为上海市文物保护单位。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">文革</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">中,原有碑坊、华表文物又遭破坏。1978年,墓地辟为南丹公园。1981年,在园北部建成椭圆形大墓。占地300平方米,高2.2米。墓碑上镌刻着著名数学家苏步青手书</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">明徐光启墓</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。1983年,墓前小路拓建成150平方米花岗石坟台,新建徐光启半胸一品官服花岗石雕像。左右植有龙柏及常青树。墓东侧建有徐氏手迹碑廊,勒石《几何原本序》、《葩经嫡证序》等部分手迹。碑廊背面石刻是明末清初学者查继佐所撰《徐光启传》及现代著名画家程十发临摹的徐光启画像。墓西侧有石马一尊。墓前左右水泥石凳围绕,遍植树木。是年11月,为纪念徐光启逝世350周年,南丹公园改名光启公园。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐光启为官清廉,《明史》曾有</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">盖棺之日,囊无余赀</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">的记载。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 附:徐光启诗《赋得玉壶冰》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 泥涂伤拱璧,流浪沫尘缨。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 未若冰兼玉,相将润复清。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 谓瑜方凛冽,讶水更圆成。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 体萤骊珠色,中孚皓魄盈。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 在阴辉自媚,向日影逾明。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 不蔽欺秦镜,无瑕夺楚珩。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 怀霜臣节苦,匪石女心贞。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 瑶瑟朱弦在,俱应鉴赤诚。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #993300"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
[ 本帖最后由 徐天奎 于 2009-10-2 13:23 编辑 ]
例文 徐文长传
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭,字文长,为山阴诸生,声名籍甚。薛公蕙校越时,奇其才,有国士之目。然数奇,屡试辄蹶。中丞胡公宗宪闻之,客诸幕。文长每见,则葛衣乌巾,纵谈天下事,胡公大喜。是时公督数边兵,威振东南,介胄之士,膝语蛇行,不敢举头,而文长以部下一诸生傲之,议者方之刘真长、杜少陵云。会得白鹿,属文长作表,表上,永陵喜。公以是益奇之,一切疏记,皆出其手。文长自负才略,好奇计,谈兵多中,视一世事无可当意者。然竟不偶。 <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 文长既已不得志于有司,遂乃放浪曲蘖,恣情山水,走齐鲁燕赵之地,穷览朔漠。其所见山奔海立、沙起雷行、风鸣树偃、幽谷大都、人物鱼鸟,一切可惊可愕之状,一一皆达之于诗。其胸中又有勃然不可磨灭之气,英雄失路,托足无门之悲。故其为诗,如嗔如笑,如水鸣峡,如种出土,如寡妇之夜哭,羁人之寒起。虽其体格时有卑者,然匠心独出,有王者气,非彼巾帼而事人者所敢望也。文有卓识,气沉而法严,不以模拟损才,不以议论伤格,韩曾之流亚也,文长既雅不与时调合,当时所谓骚坛主盟者,文长皆叱而怒之。故其名不出于越,悲夫! <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 喜作书,笔意奔放如其诗,苍劲中咨媚跃出,欧阳公所谓妖韶女老自有馀态者也,间以其馀,旁溢为花鸟,皆超逸有致。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 卒以疑杀其继室,下狱论死。张太史元汴力解,乃得出。晚年愤益深,佯狂益甚,显者至门,或拒不纳。时携钱至酒肆,呼下隶与饮。或自持斧击破其头,血流被面,头骨皆折,揉之有声。或以利锥锥其两耳,深入寸余,竟不得死。周望言晚岁诗文益奇,无刻本,集藏于家。余同年有官越者,托以抄录,今未至。余所见者,《徐文长集》、《阙编》二种而已。然文长竟以不得志于时,抱愤而卒。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 石公曰:先生数奇不已,遂为狂疾。狂疾不已,遂为囹圄。古今文人牢骚困苦,未有若先生者也。虽然,胡公间世豪杰,永陵英主,幕中礼数异等,是胡公知有先生矣;表上人主悦,是人主知有先生矣。独身未贵耳。先生诗文崛起,一扫近代芜秽之习,百世而下,自有定论,胡为不遇哉? <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 梅客生尝寄余书曰:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">文长吾老友,病奇于人,人奇于诗。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">余谓文长,无之而不奇者也。无之而不奇,斯无之而不奇也。悲夫!<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">徐文长传 译文<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭,表字文长,在山阴县做生员时,声名很盛,薛公蕙在浙江做学官时,很赏识他的才华,认为他是国家的杰出人才。然而他命运不佳,屡次应试屡次落第。中丞胡公宗宪听到他的名声后,把他当作客人邀至幕府。文长每次参见胡公,身着葛布长衫,头戴黑头巾,挥洒自如,了无顾忌地谈论天下大事,胡公听后十分高兴。当时胡公统率着好几个防区的军队,威镇东南地区。戴盔穿甲的武士在他面前,总是跪下回话,爬着行走,不敢仰视。而文长以帐下一生员的身份却表现得对胡公很高傲,谈论者都把他比作刘真长、杜少陵一样的人物。恰逢胡公猎获一头白鹿,以为祥瑞奉献给皇上,嘱托文长作贺表,表文奏上后,世宗皇帝看了很高兴。胡公因此更加赏识文长,所有疏奏、簿计都交他办理。文长对自己才智谋略很自负,好出奇计,谈论用兵方略往往切中要害。在他看来,天下事没有一件令人满意的。然而,他终究未能得到施展抱负的时运。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 文长既然在官场上不得志,于是以饮酒来放纵自己,尽情纵情山水。他游历了山东(齐鲁)、河北(燕赵),又饱览了塞外大漠的风光。他把见到的山峦壁立、海浪奔腾、胡沙满天和雷霆震天,风雨交鸣和树木倒伏,乃至山谷的幽深冷清和都市的繁华热闹,以及奇人异士、鱼鸟,一切能使人震惊、惊恐的自然和人文景观,都一一写进诗中。他胸中有奋发而不可磨灭的气概和英雄无用武之地的悲凉,所以他写的诗有时像是发怒,有时又像是嬉笑,有时如山洪奔流于峡谷,发出轰雷般的涛声,有时如春芽破土,充满蓬勃的生机。有时他的诗像寡妇深夜哭泣,有时像游子被寒风惊醒。虽然这些诗作的体裁格律时有不高明之处,但是却匠心独运,有王侯的气魄,不是那种像女子一般侍奉他人的媚俗的诗作敢于企及的。徐文长的文章有真知灼见,气势沉着而法度精严,不因守成规而压抑自己的才华和创造力,也不因漫无节制地放纵议论以致伤害文章的严谨理路,是属于韩愈、曾巩一流的文章家。徐文长素来不迎合时兴的调子,对当时的所谓文坛领袖,他一概加以愤怒的抨击,所以他的名声也只局限在家乡浙江一带,这实在令人为之悲哀! <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 文长喜好书法,笔意奔放有如他的诗,在苍劲豪迈中又涌现出一种妩媚的姿态,正像欧阳公所谓的美人迟暮另具一种韵味的说法。有时,他又把剩余的精力另外倾注在创作花鸟画,画得都美妙飘逸而有情趣。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 后来,文长因疑忌误杀他的继室妻子而下狱定死罪,张元汴太史极力营救,他方得出狱。晚年的徐文长对世道愈加愤恨不平,故作疯癫也更加厉害了。达官名士登门拜访,他时常会拒绝不见。他又经常带着钱到酒店,招呼下人仆隶和他一起喝酒。他曾拿斧头砍击自己的头颅,血流满面,头骨破碎,用手揉摩,碎骨咔咔有声。他还曾用尖利的锥子锥入自己双耳一寸多深,却竟然没有死。周望说文长的诗文到晚年愈加奇异,但没有刻本行世,诗文集稿都藏在家中。我有在浙江做官的科举同年,我曾委托他们抄录文长的诗文,至今没有得到。我所见到的,只有《徐文长集》、《徐文长集阙编》二种而已。可是徐文长终于因为不合于时,不得伸展抱负,带着对世道的愤恨而死去了。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 我认为:徐文长先生一直命途多艰,坎坷不断,致使他激愤成狂疾。狂病的不断发作,又导致他被投入监狱,从古至今文人的牢骚怨愤和遭受到的困难苦痛,再没有能超过徐文长先生的了。但虽然如此,胡公是旷世豪杰,世宗是英明帝王赏识他。徐文长在胡公幕中受到特殊礼遇,这说明胡公认识到了他的价值。奏表送上以后,世宗很高兴,这表明皇帝是知道他的价值的。文长先生唯一欠缺的,只是未能致身显贵而已。文长先生诗文的崛起,一扫近代文坛庞杂卑陋的习气,百世之后,自会有公正的定论,又怎么能说他生不逢时呢? <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 梅客生曾经写信给我说:徐文长是我的老朋友,他的怪病比他这个怪人更要怪,而他作为一个奇人又比他的奇诗更要奇。我则认为徐文长没有一处地方不怪异奇特。正因为没有一处不怪异奇特,这就是注定他一生命运没有一处不艰难的原因。真令人悲哀呀! <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">[编辑本段]徐渭的泼墨写意画<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭(1521-1593),自文长,号天池,又号青藤,山阴人。徐渭一生坎坷,早年丧父,终年丧兄,家境贫寒。屡次应试不中,后因参加抗倭战争,成为浙、闽总督胡宗宪幕僚。后胡遭弹劾并在狱中自杀,徐渭听说后,精神几近失常,竟因误杀自己的妻子而入狱。出狱后,徐渭曾自杀九次,几近癫狂。晚年极其贫寒,靠卖画为生,生活凄惨,73岁离开人间。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭生性狂放,性格恣肆,但他在书画、诗文、戏曲等方面均获得较大成功。他的写意水墨花鸟画,气势纵横奔放,不拘小节,笔简意赅,用墨多用泼墨,很少着色,层次分明,虚实相生,水墨淋漓,生动无比。他又融劲健的笔法于画中,书与画相得益彰,给人以丰富的想象。当人们品味他的诗、画、书更能深切的领会这其中承载着画家埋藏心中的郁闷和隐衷、痛苦和泪水,还有他那不与世俗同流合污的高洁的人格,而给人以强烈的心灵震撼。试从以下三个方面分析他的水墨画。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 一、似与不似之间<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭的泼墨写意花鸟画,别开生面自成一家。其花鸟画,兼收各家之长而不为所限,大胆变革,极具创造力。其写意画,无论是花卉还是花鸟,皆一挥而就,一切尽在似与不似之间,对笔下的四时花木,画家运用勾、点、泼、皴等多种笔墨形态,将牡丹之雍容、紫薇之隽秀、竹子之萧疏、霜菊之孤傲、寒梅之挺洁的神韵刻画的入木三分,分别舒展九尺与五尺的梧桐和芭蕉,直冲画外,不见首尾,与密如骤雨的葡萄、虬如蟠龙的藤蔓构成了巨大的张力,充溢在画面中的纵横之气和豪放境界更是前所未有。他的水墨葡萄,串串果实倒挂枝头,水鲜嫩欲滴,形象生动,茂盛的叶子以大块水墨点成,风格疏放,不求形似,代表了徐渭的大写意花卉的风格。丰富的运动轨迹与浓淡、徐疾、大小、干湿、疏密程度各异的笔踪墨韵,无不具备振笔急书的即兴性和不可重复性,呈现出中国绘画中最为强烈的抽象表现主义。这不是一般的描摹物象,而是艺术的加工,使其蕴含某种内在的气质、精神,这种气质、精神又使欣赏者有如临其境之感。徐渭笔下的南瓜、菊花图,一气呵成,驱墨如云,气势逼人,同时又恰如其分的驾驭笔墨,轻重、浓淡、疏密、干湿极富变化。墨法上既呈随意浸渗的墨晕,又见控制得宜的浓淡。虽然被徐渭自称</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">戏抹</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,然而在写意中仍生动的传达出了花果的不同秉性和生韵。它的梧桐图,只以泼墨笔法绘其一小部分,却有使人联想到挺拔正直的参天梧桐。正如翁方纲所说:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">纸才一尺树百尺,何以著此青林庐。恐是磊落千丈气,夜半被酒歌嘘唏。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> (《复初斋诗集》)徐渭以其精湛的笔法,在似与不似之间,为欣赏者营造出一片开阔的审美天地。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 二、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">书中有画,画中有书</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭是一个书法家,在绘画中,他将自己的书法技巧和笔法融于画中,使人觉得他的泼墨写意画简直就是一幅慷慨淋漓的苍劲书法。正如张岱所言:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">今见青藤诸画,离奇超脱,苍劲中姿媚跃出,与其书法奇绝略同。昔人谓摩诘之诗,诗中有画,摩诘之画,画中有诗;余谓青藤之书,书中有画,青藤之画,画中有书。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">(《陶庵梦忆》)他的《墨葡萄图》,墨的浓淡显示了叶的质感,题诗的字体结构与行距不规则,如葡萄藤蔓一样在空中自由延伸,书与画融为一体。徐渭的书法造诣很高,其跌宕纵横的笔法有助于绘画艺术的巧妙变化,如画墨荷、葡萄,大刀阔斧,纵横驰骋,没有深厚的书法功力是难以做到的。徐渭曾做一幅《梅花蕉叶图》,将梅花与芭蕉放在一起,并且在画上题写道:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">芭蕉伴梅花,此是王维画</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,显示出徐渭与王维在某些构图上的源流关系。当然,王维画雪里芭蕉,更突出一种禅机,即,使得雪的清寒与芭蕉的心空构成画面的宗教底蕴,而徐渭在这样的画面组合中,更突出一种超越时空的主体解放性。徐渭的书法和画法都极为娴熟,功底深厚,他的题字,如他的泼墨写意画,纵横不羁,洋洋洒洒;他的泼墨写意画,融合了精熟的笔法,意趣横生,极富韵味。尤其是他的《榴实图》,立意属缘物抒情,五绝题诗,批露出作者怀才不遇之慨,提跋书法亦做连绵飞动的狂草,一气呵成,不可遏制,与其绘画相一致,笔法运用书法技巧,笔墨痛快淋漓,极富变化,榴实水墨渲染破壳,信笔点染榴籽,干湿浓淡层次丰富,枝条以正锋行笔,从上向下运行,笔道由粗变细,在瘦笔中又蕴含破笔与断笔,形成笔断意连,无限伸展的走势。这称得上是一幅将书法与画法高度融合的杰作。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 三、 画如其人<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭一生命途多舛,遭遇坎坷,晚年悲苦凄凉,形影相吊,他将自己的悲愤和怀才不遇之感融注于笔端,创造了一幅又一幅惊世骇俗的水墨名画。他笔下的墨竹,枝淡叶浓,,逸笔草草,竹枝气势劲健,竹叶俯垂含情,虽属竹枝而高洁清爽之气不减。这正是画家身处下层,怀才不遇,品格高洁,绝世独立人格的光辉写照。他的泼墨牡丹,不拘于牡丹的富贵高雅特征,色彩绚烂,他却常常以水墨绘之,有意改其本性,其目的是有赋予牡丹清雅脱俗的格调和神韵,所谓</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">从来国色无装点,空染胭脂媚俗人。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">其他如《三友图》中的松竹梅,傲寒挺立,《雪竹图》中的竹枝,不畏风雪,正象征了画家自身在人生历程中遭遇的种种凄风苦雨。如同其诗中所说:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">独有一般差似我,积高千仗恨难消</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。在一些冬季花卉画中,作者似乎要着意渲染一种寒意,只是在这凛凛寒意中,蕉、梅、竹、松才倍添了一种精神。这其中正蕴含着画家不畏强暴,敢于直面黑暗社会的精神。他曾赋诗曰:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">少年曾负请缨雄,转眼青袍万事空。今日独余霜鬓在,一肩舆坐度居庸。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">作者将满腔义愤,有志不能伸的情感融于笔端,在画中表达出来,这画,正是文长一生坎坷的写照,更是他人格精神的写照。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">徐渭生平<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐文长 明清两代,出现过不少多才多艺的文人。不过象徐文长那样,在诗文、戏剧、书画等各方面都能独树一帜,给当世及后代留下深远影响的,却也颇为难得。他的诗,袁中郎尊之为明代第一,他的戏剧,受到汤显祖的极力推崇,至于绘画,他更是我国艺术史上成就最为特出的人物之一。郑板桥对徐文长非常敬服,曾刻一印,自称</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">青藤门下走狗</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。近代艺术大师白石老人,也对他深为倾慕。然而,徐文长的一生却很不幸。他虽然有着强烈的功名事业心和报国愿望,却连举人也不曾考取,中年因发狂杀妻而下狱七载,晚年靠卖字画甚至卖书卖衣度日,终于潦倒而死。老百姓倒是十分喜爱他的,至今在浙江还流传着许多徐文长的故事。他在绍兴的故居</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">青藤书屋,历尽四百余年的人世沧桑,还依然保存,维系着后人对这位富有平民气息的文学艺术家的长久怀念。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> ^^一、才名早扬屡试不售 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐文长,名渭,文长是他的字。又号青藤山人、天池生、田水月等。明正德十六年(1521)出生于山阴(今绍兴)一个趋向衰落的大家族。他的父亲徐鏓做过四川夔州府的同知,原配童氏,生下徐淮、徐潞两个儿子,继娶苗氏,不曾生育,晚年纳妾生下徐文长,在文长出生百日后就死了。此后徐文长由嫡母苗夫人抚养到十四岁,苗氏死后,随长兄徐淮生活,直到二十一岁入赘潘家。虽然出生在官僚家庭,但徐文长早年的生活并不愉快。他的生母是个婢女,在家中自然毫无地位。嫡母苗夫人将徐文长当作亲骨肉抚养,寄予期望;但或许正因为这个缘故吧,在文长十岁那年,苗夫人就把他的生母逐出了家门。幼年夺母,对徐文长是一个很大的刺激。虽然二十九岁那年他得以把母亲接回自己家中,但直到垂暮之年,他仍然不能忘怀这件事情。由于徐文长是庶出,而两个嫡出的哥哥又比他年长二三十岁,所以徐文长在家中也没有什么地位。他年青时考秀才未取,在给督学官员要求复试的上书中这样说道:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">学无效验,遂不信于父兄。而况骨肉煎逼,箕豆相燃,日夜旋顾,惟身与影!</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">显得很悲愤。成年后家道中衰,徐文长入赘妇家,生活当然也不那么自在。一个机警敏感的人,在如此坎坷的境遇中长成,自然容易养成执拗和偏激的性格。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐文长生性极为聪慧。他六岁读书,九岁便能作文,十多岁时仿扬雄的《解嘲》作《释毁》,轰动了全城。当地的绅士们称他为神童,比之为刘晏、杨修。二十来岁时他与越中名士陈海樵、沈鍊等人相交往,被列为</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">越中十子</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">之一。沈鍊曾夸奖他说:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">关起城门,只有这一个。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">据说在一次酒宴上,主人有意为难徐文长,指着席上一件小东西请他作赋,暗中却命童仆捧上丈余长的纸卷。徐文长立身把笔,一气写尽,惊倒了满座的人。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 自幼以才名著称乡里的徐文长,一向颇有些自负自傲,对功名事业充满了向往,然而在科举道路上却屡遭挫折。二十岁那年,他结结巴巴地考中了个秀才,此后一次又一次参加乡试,直到四十一岁,考了八次,始终也未能中举。其间二十六岁时丧妻,从潘家迁出,以教书糊口;三十七岁时应胡宗宪之邀,入幕府掌文书。徐文长在科举中一再失败,并不是偶然的。他少年时便喜欢博览群书,讨厌八股文字,加之个性显露,情感张扬,恐怕确实写不出合格的、规行矩步而阴沉死板的八股文来。不过徐文长虽然明知八股文毫无用处,对一些从科举出身而绝无才学的官僚一向嗤之以鼻,但这毕竟是旧文人在政治上的唯一出路。屡试不售,前途无望,对徐文长是沉重的打击。他暮年作《自作畸谱》,还特地记下了六岁入学时所读的杜甫《早朝》诗句:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">鸡鸣紫陌曙光寒</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,流露出无穷的人生感慨。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> ^^二、从戎幕到牢狱 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐文长通常给人以恃才纵诞的印象,不过他也是一个关心社会政治,富有爱国热情的人。嘉靖时期,东南沿海遭受倭寇的频繁侵扰,由于兵备松弛,官吏无能,给人民的生命财产带来惨重损失。徐文长一方面以诗歌对此进行尖锐的抨击,一方面满怀热忱地投入到抗倭战争中。他虽然身无一职,却几次换上短衣,冒险随军队来到前线,观察形势,然后记录下战事的经过,分析成败的原因,向有关官员提出破敌的方略。这些文章大都写得比较切实,不同于一般的书生议论。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 嘉靖三十六年(1557),徐文长以才名为总督东南军务的胡宗宪所招,入幕府掌文书。这是徐文长一生中最得意的时期。入幕之初,他为胡宗宪作《进白鹿表》,受到皇帝的赏识。自此胡宗宪对他更为倚重,对他放任的性格,也格外优容。陶望龄《徐文长传》记载说:徐文长常常与朋友在市井饮酒,总督府有急事找他不到,便深夜开着大门等待。有人报告胡宗宪,说徐秀才正喝得大醉,放声叫嚷,胡宗宪反而加以称赞。当时胡宗宪权重威严,文武将吏参见时都不敢抬头,而徐文长戴着破旧的黑头巾,穿一身白布衣,直闯入门,纵谈天下事,旁若无人。在总督府中,徐文长究竟为抗倭战事做了些什么,已难以考实。不过,以徐文长的身份,以他好奇计喜谈兵的性格,以他素来对于抗倭战争的热情,可以断定徐文长是参预了不少重要机谋的。在他留存的《拟上督府书》等文章中,也确实可以看到一些中肯的意见</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">虽然他所提出的治兵之术未免有些峻刻。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 当然在幕府中也有许多不如意的事。胡宗宪出于各种原因,与权臣严嵩来往甚密,而徐文长是痛恶严嵩的,他最亲近的友人沈鍊就因参刻严嵩而遭到杀害。但徐文长又不得不代胡宗宪写了一些吹捧严嵩的文字,这真是文人的悲剧。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 嘉靖四十一年(1562),严嵩被免职,徐阶出任内阁首辅。在徐阶的策动下,胡宗宪受到参劾,并于次年被逮捕至京(后来因平倭有功,只受到免职处分),徐文长也就离开了总督府。到嘉靖四十四年,胡宗宪再次被逮入狱,死于狱中,他原先的幕僚也有好几人受到牵连。徐文长生性本来就有些偏激,连年应试未中,精神上很不愉快,此时他对胡宗宪被构陷而死深感痛心,更担忧自己受到迫害,于是对人生彻底失望,以至发狂。他写了一篇文辞愤激的《自为墓志铭》,而后拔下壁柱上的铁钉击入耳窍,流血如迸,医治数月才痊愈。后又用椎击肾囊,也未死。如此反复发作,反复自杀有九次之多。嘉靖四十五年,徐文长在又一次狂病发作中,因怀疑继妻张氏不贞,将她杀死,因此被关入监牢。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 初入狱时,生活自然是痛苦的。徐文长身带枷锁,满身虮虱,冬天雪积床头,冷得发抖,连朋友送来的食物也被抢走。后来他的许多朋友为解救他而四处活动,才使待遇有所改善。其中援助最为有力的,先是礼部侍郎诸大绶,后是翰林编修张元忭(他是明末著名散文家张岱的曾祖父),他们都是徐文长的至交,又都是状元出身,颇有声望。在这些朋友的解救下,徐文长坐了七年牢,终于借万历皇帝即位大赦之机获释。这是1573年的事,徐文长已经五十三岁了。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> ^^三、潦倒的晚年 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 经历了如此多的磨难,徐文长已不再有什么政治上的雄心,但他对国事的关注却老而未衰。出狱后,他先在江浙一带游历,登山临水,并交结了许多诗画之友。万历四年(1576)夏,徐文长年轻时代的朋友,这时已经做到宣化巡抚、担负北部边防重任的吴兑邀他北上,他便欣然前往。徐文长在宣化幕府的时间不到一年,但留下了不少描写北地风光、民俗和军旅生活的诗文。在写给许多官员的赠序中,他都喜欢议论政事,尤其是关于边防的策略。当时张居正主持国政,对蒙古采取抚和的方针,徐文长对此表示赞赏。他在吴兑那里受到敬重,无奈身体不好,只得于次年春经北京回到家乡。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 六十岁时,徐文长应张元忭之招去北京,但不久两人的关系就恶化了。据张岱的记叙,张元忭是个性格严峻、恪守礼教的人,而徐文长却生性放纵,不愿受传统礼法的束缚。张元忭常常以封建礼教约制徐文长,这使徐文长大为恼火。他曾对张元忭说:我杀人当死,也不过是颈上一刀,你现在竟要把我剁成肉糜!由于和老朋友的交恶,加上与官僚们交往受到不平等的对待,使徐文长情绪郁愤,旧病复发,便于居京三载后重归家乡。此后,徐文长就再没有离开过山阴。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 晚年乡居的日子里,徐文长越发厌恶富贵者与礼法之士,所交游的大都是过去的朋友和追随他的门生。据说有人来访,徐文长不愿见,便手推柴门大呼:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">徐渭不在!</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">他一生不治产业,钱财随手散尽,此时只得靠卖字画度日。但手头稍为宽裕,便不肯再作。倒是一班门生和晚辈的朋友,或骗或抢,常常得到他的杰作。徐文长似乎特别嗜蟹,许多题画诗记载了朋友们用活蟹来换他画蟹的经过。最后几年,徐文长身患多种疾病,大约画也不能常作,生活更为贫苦。《徐文长文集》中有《卖貂》、《卖磬》、《卖画》、《卖书》诸诗,显示出这位大文学家艺术家凄凉的晚境。1593年,徐文长去世,年七十三。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> ^^四、多方面的艺术成就 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐文长的文艺创作所涉及的领域很广,但可以指出它们共同的特征,就是:艺术上绝不依傍他人,喜好独创一格,具有强烈的个性,风格豪迈而放逸,而且常常表现出对民间文学的爱好。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 明代的诗坛,由于前后七子的提倡,出现了一股拟古的风潮。虽说他们也自有不可抹煞的成绩,但这种拟古的风气,显然有碍于诗歌艺术的发展。徐文长对此深致不满,并作了尖锐的批评。他说:鸟学人言,本性还是鸟;写诗如果一意模拟前人,学得再象,也不过是鸟学人言而已,毫无真实的价值。他自己的诗歌创作,注重表达个人对社会生活的实际情感,风格略近李贺,问学盛唐,并杂取南朝,出入宋元,而终不失其为自我。这个倾向为稍后主张抒发性灵的公安派所继承,对改变晚明诗风具有重要意义。公安派的主将袁中郎对徐文长的诗有一段精彩的评述:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">文长既不得志于有司,遂乃放浪曲蘖,恣情山水……其所见山奔海立,沙起云行,风鸣树偃,幽谷大都,人物鱼鸟,一切可惊可愕之状,一一皆达之于诗。其胸中又有一段不可磨灭之气,英雄失路、托足无门之悲,故其为诗,如嗔如笑,如水鸣峡,如种出土,如寡妇之夜泣,羁人之寒起。当其放意,平畴千里;偶尔幽峭,鬼语秋愤。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">徐文长的散文,以《自为墓志铭》一篇最为出色。此外许多尺牍也很有特色,泼辣机智,幽默多趣,文风远启金圣叹一流,但总的来说,成就不及诗歌。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐文长的戏剧创作有杂剧集《四声猿》,其中包括《狂鼓史》、《翠乡梦》、《雌木兰》、《女状元》四个独立的戏。《狂鼓史》是有感于严嵩杀害沈鍊之事而写的,表现出狂傲的反抗精神。后两个戏都是写女扮男装建功立业的故事,反映了徐文长对妇女的看法,有一定的反封建意义。这些作品都打破了杂剧固定的格式,为戏剧形式上的多样化开拓了门津。在戏剧理论方面,他主张</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">本色</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,即戏剧语言应当符合人物的身份,应当使用口语和俗语,以保证人物的真实性,而反对典雅的骈语,过度的修饰,这些看法都是很有见地的。此外,他还作有《南词叙录》,这是我国第一部关于南戏的理论专著,在戏剧史上具有重要意义。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐文长曾说:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">吾书第一,诗二,文三,画四。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">这大概是文人惯用的诡计,即把自己最受人重视的艺术放在最末的位置,以抬高其它。其实,他是我国大写意画的宗师,影响及于八大山人、石涛、扬州八怪直至吴吕硕、齐白石,在美术史上有着很高的地位。他最擅长花卉画,用笔放纵,水墨淋漓,气格刚健而风韵妩媚,具有诗一般的抒情性和韵律感,极为人们所珍视。其书法则长于行草,徐文长虽自列为第一,但成就似乎逊于绘画。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 此外,杂剧《歌代啸》,小说《云合奇纵》(即《英烈传》),据说也是徐文长所作。这是两部很出色的作品,但它们的著作权看来很成问题,这里就不予评述了。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">徐渭年谱<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1521年(正德十六年)1岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 二月初四,徐渭出生于浙江绍兴府山阴县一户官员家庭。五月十五日,父亲病故。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1524年(嘉靖三年)4岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭聪慧早熟,二嫂杨氏去世,徐渭能够像大人一样迎送吊丧宾客,人以为奇。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1526年(嘉靖五年)6岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭师从管士颜学习唐诗。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1528年(嘉靖七年)8岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭师从陆如冈学习时文。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1530年(嘉靖九年)10岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 家道中落,徐渭的生母被遣散出门。仅仅10岁的徐渭与逃跑的仆人对簿公堂。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1532年(嘉靖十一年)12岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭师从本乡琴师陈良器学习琴艺。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1534年(嘉靖十三年)14岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭师从王政学习琴艺。同年,疼爱徐渭的嫡母苗氏去世,徐渭悲痛欲绝。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1535年(嘉靖十四年)15岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭师从本乡武举彭应时学习剑术。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1537年(嘉靖十六年)17岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭参加绍兴府童试,不中。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1540年(嘉靖十九年)20岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 再次参加绍兴府童试,经过申请参加复试,录取为童生。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 与潘似定亲,随潘家前往广东。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1541年(嘉靖二十年)21岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 与潘似成亲。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 二哥徐潞去世,返回绍兴办理丧事。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1543年(嘉靖十二十二)23岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 参加乡试,不中。随潘家迁回山阴,重回故里。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1545年(嘉靖二十四年)25岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 生子徐枚。大哥徐淮去世,家产被无赖霸占。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1546年(嘉靖二十五年)26岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 第三次参加乡试,不中。妻子潘似去世。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1548年(嘉靖二十七年)28岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 搬出潘家,寓居一枝堂。拜王阳明的弟子季本为师,学习心学。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1549年(嘉靖二十八年)29岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 第四次参加乡试,不中。将生母接回赡养。开始绘画创作。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1551年(嘉靖三十年)31岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 前往杭州,结识画家谢时臣。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1552年(嘉靖三十一年)32岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 第五次参加乡试,初试第一名,录取为廪生,复试不中。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1555年(嘉靖三十四年)35岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 第六次参加乡试,初试第二名,复试依然不中。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1557年(嘉靖三十六年)37岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 为总督东南沿海抗倭军务的胡宗宪作文,获得好评。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1558年(嘉靖三十七年)38岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 成为胡宗宪幕僚,为胡宗宪做《进白鹿表》,获得皇帝欣赏并得到胡宗宪信任。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 第七次参加乡试失败,迁居绍兴塔子桥。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1559年(嘉靖三十八年)39岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 入赘杭州王家成亲,徐渭对此婚姻十分不满意,当年即断绝了往来。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1560年(嘉靖三十九年)40岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 胡宗宪重修杭州镇海楼,徐渭为之作《镇海楼记》。同年,在绍兴购置宅第。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1561年(嘉靖四十年)41岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 迎娶张氏为妻。第八次参加乡试失败。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1562年(嘉靖四十一年)42岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 作为胡宗宪幕僚,徐渭转战浙江、福建、江苏等地追剿倭寇。同年,受严嵩案件牵连,胡宗宪罢职,总督府解散,徐渭赋闲回家。冬,次子徐枳出生。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1563年(嘉靖四十二年)43岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 赴京城李春芳府做幕僚。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1564年(嘉靖四十三年)44岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 与李春芳不合,辞归故里。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1565年(嘉靖四十四年)45岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 因担心受胡宗宪案件牵连入狱,徐渭精神高度紧张抑郁以至神经错乱,数次自杀未死。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1566年(嘉靖四十五年)46岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 病情复发,怀疑张氏不贞将其杀死,因而入狱。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1568年(隆庆二年)48岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 生母病故,徐渭短期出狱办理丧事。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1573年(万历元年)53岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 万历皇帝改元大赦,徐渭在张天复、张元忭父子帮助下出狱。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1574年(万历二年)54岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 好友张天复去世,徐渭作《张太仆墓志铭》和《祭张太仆文》。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1575年(万历三年)55岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 参加张元忭主持的《会稽县志》编修工作。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1576年(万历四年)56岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 应老同学吴兑招募,前往宣化。作《杂花卷》,现藏上海博物馆。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1577年(万历五年)57岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 因身体原因,辞幕离开宣化寓居北京,结识辽东名将李成梁之子李如松。同年返回绍兴,完成《四声猿》剧本;创作《花卉十六种》,现藏故宫博物院。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1580年(万历八年)60岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 应张元忭邀请,带次子徐枳前往北京,遇到李如松,前往军中视察北方边关形势。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1581年(万历九年)61岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 张元忭劝徐渭委任不可过于放任,徐渭心情抑郁旧病复发。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1582年(万历十年)62岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 长子徐枚抵京将徐渭接回绍兴老家。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1586年(万历十四年)66岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 次子徐枳订婚王氏,因为徐渭的房屋被大雪压塌,徐枳将徐渭接到王家。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1589年(万历十七年)69岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭醉酒跌伤肩骨,卧床不起。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1591年(万历十九年)71岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 作《墨花图》,现藏上海博物馆;作《杂画卷》,现藏故宫博物院。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1592年(万历二十年)72岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 作《花卉图卷》,现藏上海博物馆;作《花卉卷》,现藏故宫博物院。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1593年(万历二十一年)73岁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 在贫病交困中,一代大家徐渭悄然去世,葬于绍兴城南木栅山。死前,徐渭写有《畸谱》,记述自己坎坷的人生经历。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭晚年:(出自《明朝那些事儿 四》)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 在胡宗宪被抓走的时候,徐渭一句话也没说,因为他知道,说什么都没用了,事情已经没有挽回的余地。现在他要担心的,是他自己。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 覆巢之下,岂有完卵的道理他十分清楚,作为胡宗宪的幕僚,他自然也难逃干系,但更让他痛苦的是自己梦想的彻底破灭。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭是有梦想的,他虽然诗词书画样样精通,却并不想做一个文学家或艺术家,他希望获得功名,成就一番事业,这才是他真正的抱负。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 当他成为胡宗宪的左右手,指挥若定,运筹帷幄的时候,他曾一度以为自己的前程将会无比光明,然而转瞬之间,命运却再次将他抛入了深渊。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 希望已经落空,加上时有传闻,说要把他抓去跟胡宗宪做伴,徐渭的精神彻底崩溃了,他试图自杀,具体方法如下:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 方法1、用斧头砍自己的头。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 方法2、用钉子钉入自己的脑袋。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 方法3、用锤子锤自己的肚子。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 要说奇人就是奇人,自杀也用这么奇怪的招数,但更奇怪的是,虽历经不懈的努力,他竟然还是没有死成,虽然他鲜血满面,长钉入脑,内脏出血,偏偏就是没死,创造了医学界的奇迹。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 所以也有人猜测,他不过是为了避祸装疯自残而已,但如果装疯,他的本钱似乎也下得太大了。但总而言之,他吃了很多苦,却还是进了监狱,不过不是被胡宗宪牵连,而是因为杀人。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 由于在自杀(或是装疯)中太过卖力,他一时错手,杀掉了自己的妻子,悔恨之余,被当地政府逮捕法办,看在他名气大,加上又是误杀,没有处决他,只是关进了牢房。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 这一关就是七年,后来他的同乡听说此事,设法营救,终于让他走出了监狱。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 此时已是隆庆年间,天下已然大变,物是人非。五十多岁历尽沧桑的徐渭看上去,似乎比七十岁的老头还要苍老,没有人会想到,这个外表落魄不堪的人,竟然就是当年志得意满、意气风发的东南第一军师。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 失去了妻子,失去了前程,连希望也已失去。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 于是孑然一身的徐渭开始流浪,他游历全国,福建、直隶、山西,然后是蓟州,在那里,他再次见到了戚继光。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭平生为人孤傲,自负奇才,经常蔑视他人,却唯独对戚继光礼遇有加,因为在他看来,此人极其生猛,其才不下于己,所以引为知交。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 见到这位久别的战友,戚继光十分激动,他安排了酒宴,招待老朋友,在酒桌上,两人把酒言欢,谈及徐渭将来的去向时,戚继光表示,希望他能留下来,在自己的军中效力。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭却只是笑而不答,戚继光是个机灵人,也就不再提起,徐渭并没有变,虽然落魄,虽然流浪,却依然是那个心高气傲的徐渭。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 于是他们说起了另一件事。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 话题又回到了当年的平倭事略,精研兵法的徐渭开始畅谈天下名将,在他看来,自嘉靖以来武将堪称杰出者惟三人而已:戚继光、俞大猷,以及谭纶(时任蓟辽总督),其余的皆是泛泛之辈,不值一提。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 这里提一下谭纶,此人虽后来的名气不如戚继光,当时却是戚继光的上级,他文官出身,喜好军事,从军三十余年,极有谋略且对敌作战勇猛,每次打仗都要亲自上阵,据统计被他亲手杀死的敌人就多达上百人,可谓是杀人如麻,名将之誉实至名归。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 戚继光同意徐渭的说法,却也说出了这样一句话:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">你说得没错,只是在我看来,还有一个。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 第二天,拜别了戚继光,怀着好奇心的徐渭出发前往辽东,他要亲眼见一见那个连戚继光也推崇备至的第四个人</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">李成梁。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 在辽东,徐渭听到了这样一个消息,时任辽东副总兵的李成梁家要请先生,于是他毫不犹豫地前去应聘。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 当看到眼前的这个落魄的半老头子时,李成梁差点准备让人给他盛点饭,让他赶紧走人。出于礼貌,他还是极有耐心地询问此人有何专长,能教些什么。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">兵法。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 当这个答案传到众人的耳朵里时,在场的所有人几乎同时哄堂大笑,李成梁也禁不住笑出了声。自己就是武将,还要你这个糟老头来教兵法?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 然而堂下的这个人却丝毫不乱,只是静静地看着那些嘲笑他的人。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 李成梁却不笑了,因为他突然想起一件事,不久之前,蓟州总兵戚继光曾派人快马前来报信,描述过一个类似的人。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 他改变了态度,小心翼翼地问道:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">阁下是从孟诸(戚继光号孟诸)那里来的吗?</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭微微点了点头。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 于是李成梁严辞喝斥了那些无礼的部下,问出了第二个问题:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">阁下可是姓徐?</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 在得到再次肯定后,他立刻迎下堂来,恭敬地向这位老先生行礼,旁边的人惊讶至极,都瞪大了眼睛,但李成梁却清楚地知道,当他还是一个落魄秀才的时候,这个人已经筹谋东南,名震天下。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 他把自己的长子李如松和次子李如柏叫到身边,当面交付给了徐渭,<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 并叮嘱他们要用心向学,虚心讨教。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭并没有辜负李成梁的期望,在此后的日子里,他将自己的文赋才学,以及在那段抗倭岁月中所领悟的一切悉数教给了这两个少年。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 毕竟徐渭的这套理论和之前的先生教授的完全不同,特别是他所传的抗倭兵法,似乎并不适于对付那些平日纵横驰骋于平原之上的蒙古骑兵。李如松产生了疑问:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">学这些有用吗?</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭看着眼前的这个孩子,十分严肃地点了点头。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 于是在一个又一个的夜晚,李如松专心致志地学习、钻研着徐先生教给他的一切,他相信终有一天会派上用场。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 不久之后,徐渭提出了辞职,虽然李成梁百般挽留,他却依然离开了这里,或许在他看来,自己的使命已经完成。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 二十多年后 朝鲜 平壤<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 被追得只剩半条命的朝鲜国王李日公终于回到了他的王宫,而在此之前不久,这里还曾是侵朝日军将领小西行长和加藤清正的指挥部,但现在,他将在这里召开盛大的宴会,欢迎那个赶走日军,将他接回王宫的人。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 蓟辽提督李如松如约前来了,作为援朝军指挥官,他率军自入朝以来,连战连捷,多次击败日军小西行长部,歼灭上万敌军,接连收复平壤、开城、平安、江源等地,以一己之力挽救了朝鲜战场危局。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 李日公十分崇敬李如松,对他的用兵之法也佩服得五体投地,毕竟要没有这位仁兄,估计他还不知在哪个山沟里蹲着,但在他的心中,也有着一个悬而未决的疑问,于是借此机会,他请教了李如松:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">贵军如此善战,那为何之前祖承训将军会失败呢?</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 李日公所说的祖承训,是先期入朝的明军将领,但他作战不利,没多久就全线败退回国,与后来的李如松形成了强烈反差。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 李如松笑了笑,吩咐手下拿出了一本书,展示在李日公面前:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">制倭之策,皆在此书之中也。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 这本书的名字叫做《纪效新书》,作者戚继光。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 李日公大喜,看过了封面后,准备从李如松的手中接过此书,继续看内容,然而李如松面上保持着微笑,手却紧握此书,缓缓地收了回来。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 这是一个很明确的表示</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">这本书不能给你看。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 李日公没有勉强,却牢牢地记住了此书的名字,后来命人到中国大量购买,《纪效新书》就此传入朝鲜以及日本。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 虽然李如松拿出了硬通货,但李日公仍有所怀疑,他接着询问李如松,难道他打胜仗就只凭这一本书不成?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 李如松收敛了笑容,他庄重地告诉这位国王,此书是名将戚继光所写,书中总结了其当年与倭寇作战十余年之经验,专克日军,虽看似不起眼,却极难领会,要妥善运用,未经长期实践,断不可为。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 而自己能熟悉其中兵法,却非此书所赐,因为该书尚未出版之前,他就早已通晓了其中的奥妙。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 于是李日公好奇地问出了最后一个问题:此书未成之时,你又怎能熟知书中兵法呢?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">很久以前,我的老师曾教授于我。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 李如松向着南方昂起了头,他知道,在四十多年前,作为自己的先辈,他的老师曾在那里与戚继光一同战斗,驱除倭寇,保家卫国。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 此时是万历二十一年(1593)正月。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 但李如松不知道的是,几乎与此同时,那个曾经教过他的老先生,正躺在一所破屋之中,他已经卖光了所有的字画,贫病交加,且无人理会。不久之后,他带着满腔的悲愤静悄悄地离开了人世,年七十三。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐渭传奇的一生就此划上了句号,在残酷的命运面前,他已经顽强地坚持了太久。他的所有一切,都将被载入史册,因为绝顶的才学机智,和那些不朽的功勋。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">诗词<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 十五夜抵建宁<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 城西日暮泊行船,起向长桥见月圆。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 渐上远烟浮草际,忽依高阁堕檐前。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
[ 本帖最后由 徐天奎 于 2009-10-2 22:34 编辑 ]
例文 徐世昌
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>简介<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 中华民国大总统徐世昌(1854-1939),男,汉族,清末、北洋政府官僚,北洋政府总统。字卜五,号菊人,又号涛斋(号水竹邨人)晚号水竹村人、石门山人、东海居士等。生于河南卫辉城内曹营街四号寓室,乳名卫生,两岁时随家迁往开封,后又随母迁回卫辉贡院街居住,7岁丧父,家道败落,成年后在沁阳、太康、淮宁等县署做文书和家馆教师。祖籍浙江鄞县,出生于河南卫辉,晚年长居天津。他曾是一位袁世凯的支持者,与北洋军阀关系密切。清季翰林,官至东三省总督,体仁阁大学士。辛亥革命后,於一九一八年曾任大总统。工山水,颇清秀。书宗苏轼,略变其体。能诗,设晚晴簃诗社,罗致诗友,编印清诗汇。有归云楼题画诗集,成於一九二四年。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>年鉴<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1879年徐与袁世凯结为盟兄弟,得袁资助北上应试。先中举人,后中进士,授翰林院编修。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 光绪十二年(1886)中进士,任翰林院庶吉士。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1897年,袁世凯在小站练兵时,兼任新建陆军参谋营务处总办,是袁世凯的幕僚之一,此後累获擢升。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1904年,袁世凯创建警察,保举徐世昌为巡警部尚书,负责京师的治安。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1907年东北改设行省,徐被任命为钦差大臣,东三省总督兼管三省将军事务。其时东北处于日俄战争之中,清朝的根本被蚕食,徐世昌多所举措,采取开商埠,借国债,连与国,修铁路等一系列措施。并在东北推行新政,以此来抵制日俄对东北的控制。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1909年,袁世凯被摄政王载沣罢黜,徐世昌自请病退,调任邮传部尚书,京浦铁路督办。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1911年5月,清廷设皇族内阁,徐成为仅有的四名汉人内阁成员之一。任协理大臣。辛亥革命爆发,徐力主起用袁世凯镇压革命。同年11月袁组织责任内阁,徐改任军谘大臣、加太保衔。至袁世凯就任临时大总统後方向清室请辞。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1912年3月,袁世凯继任中华民国临时大总统,徐力辞太保,隐居青岛观望时局变化。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1914年5月,袁世凯据新的约法,改责任内阁制为总统制,由任徐世昌为国务卿,其时袁世凯称呼徐世昌、赵尔巽、李经义、张骞为</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">嵩山四友</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。次年袁公开推行帝制,<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1916年3月袁被迫取消帝制,恢复民国年号,徐为国务卿。徐在公私两方面为袁尽力。因要求讨袁护国军停战议和遭到拒绝,徐力荐段祺瑞继任。袁世凯死後,黎元洪任总统,段祺瑞任总理。二人不久即发生府院之争,徐以北洋元老资格应邀抵京,先调解黎元洪和段祺瑞之间的权力斗争,後又调解直系军阀首领冯国璋和段祺瑞的矛盾。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 黎元洪去职后,1918年10月,徐世昌经皖系军阀操纵的安福国会选举为总统。他标榜</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">偃武修文</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,下令对南方停战,次年2月于上海召开南北</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">议和会议</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,但无结果。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1919年五四运动发生时,徐被迫免去曹汝霖、章宗祥及陆宗舆职务,以缓和全国舆论的反对。在北洋军阀各派系的斗争中,徐世昌惯以元老身份和居间调和者的角色因势操纵。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1922年第一次直奉战争后,直系获胜,控制了北京政府,曹锟、吴佩孚指徐世昌总统为非法,迫其去职,自此徐世昌退出政界,居住天津租界。晚年日本人尝试邀徐出任华北政府职务,徐世昌拒绝参加日军组建的华北傀儡政府,保持了民族气节。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>1922年6月,徐世昌被派系</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">逼宫</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">下野,遂返乡做寓公,开始过诗、书、画三位一体的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">隐逸</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">生活。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 他与林琴南、严范孙、赵湘帆、华世奎等名士组成</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">晚清簃诗社</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。如为严范孙题写的一首诗云:诗坛酒垒厌江湖,眼底纵横见此图;花月多情如梦幻,川原有恨入榛芜;客来关辅三霄路,臣本烟波一创徒。此诗恰切地表现了士者飘然山林,宦途如梦的退耕复杂心态,磊落高华,舒卷自如,颇有</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">超凡入圣</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">的浪漫。同行评价为</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">吟咏之功,度越前人</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐世昌在自己的退耕堂中做到了老有所为,诗、书、画一体三面。诗人往往独行其事,天马行空;书法家则需要具备诗人的某些素养,以进入更高的境界;而画家更要兼诗人与书法家的造诣,才能登峰造极。徐世昌出任大总统后,即自信</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">深得书法中三味,每日临池挥洒,分增局以上官员</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 他的书法多为行、草体,名重一时,在津门各殿堂里多有其墨迹。如天津老字号</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">正兴德茶庄</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">成兴茶庄</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">直隶书局</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">等匾额均出自他的手笔。1919~1926年,徐世昌将其书法作品汇集成《水竹邨人临帖》3册、《石门山临图帖》1册,刊印发行。他的书法大宗为对联,其余为条幅、册页之类。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐世昌六岁开始学画,善画山水、松竹,尤其喜欢绘制扇面,造诣甚高,而且是每画必诗,一般不轻易送人,故他的绘画真迹少于书法遗迹。他的代表作《晴风露月四竹图》极为出名,人称:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">画中晴竹,振雨露声;风竹摇曳飘洒,露竹沐甘浸润;月竹清漪宜人,为竹作中之精品。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">该图为民间所收藏,民初作品,以六尺引卷作朱砂笔。1920年,徐世昌以大总统身份成立</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">国画研究社</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">,聘国画大家周肇祥主其事,同时拨巨额公款,明令成立北京艺术篆刻学校(今中央美院前身),由陈师曾任校长,齐白石、王梦白等人任教。徐世昌下野之后,周肇祥仍将名人画作送往天津徐宅,请其为之鉴赏评论,还不时与徐世昌研讨中国绘画艺术问题。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">国画研究社</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">曾与日本画社共同举办过国际联合画展,分别在中国、日本及其他世界各地展出。徐世昌也有作品送到展会展览,获得中外各界的一致赞誉。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">平淡天真,意趣高古;笔锋凌厉,状如削玉;诗画相映,书画同体;神韵相连,清爽不凡。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">徐世昌的粉墨花卉、松竹以及梅、兰、竹、菊四君子画,品位高雅,神韵仙体,在民国画坛声誉颇高。 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 1939年6月6日于天津病逝,享年85岁。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐世昌先後娶卫辉曹氏和辉县席无棣为妻,曾经在辉县百泉</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">水竹村</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">置办田宅。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐世昌文人出身,昌诗、书、画俱晓。为总统时曾成立北京艺术篆刻学校,即後来中央美术院前身。为了阻止新文化运动的高涨,徐极力鼓吹</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">尊孔读经</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">以为抵制。退出政界於天津</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">退耕堂</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">过隐逸生活後,藉助僚友门客编撰书籍20余种。著有《欧战后之中国》《退耕堂政书》《大清琨辅先哲传》《书髓楼藏书目》《东三省政略》等书。徐世昌的书画作品颇有声誉,曾在中国、日本等国画展中展出。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">主要编著书目<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《清儒学案》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《颜李遗书》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《弢斋述学》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《大清畿辅先哲传》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《欧战后之中国》(巴黎大学荣誉博士论文)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《退耕堂政书》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《东三省政略》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《将吏法言》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《弢养斋日记》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《大清畿辅书征》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《书髓楼藏书目》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《元逸民画传》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《国乐谱》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《古文典范》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《明清八家文钞》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《水竹村人集》(又名《徐大总统诗集》)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《归云楼集》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《海西草堂集》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《退耕堂集》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《竹窗楹语》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《藤墅俪言》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《拣珠录》<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 《晚晴簃诗汇》(又名《清诗汇》)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">徐氏家祠<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐世昌家祠<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"> 徐世昌在卫辉市城内贡院街建有</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">徐世昌家祠</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">一座。1917年北洋政府在卫辉用招标办法拍卖官产,由徐世昌在卫辉的堂弟出面,购买原卫辉府参将衙门旧址,改建为徐氏家祠,1918年动工,1921年竣工。落成后,徐世昌偕同逊位的末代皇帝溥仪专程来卫参加徐氏家祠的落成庆典。该祠堂共分为四进院落。立于最前面的是一座高大的照壁,高7米,长12.7米,砖石结构。照壁中央前后各镶嵌有五簇谷穗组成的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">嘉禾</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">青石浮雕圆形图案,寓汉、满、蒙、回、藏</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">五族共和</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">与</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">“</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">五谷丰登</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT face="Times New Roman">”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #993300; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">之意。该祠采用了我国古代传统的建筑布局,四面封闭,充分体现了封建时代家庭的内聚力。整个建筑规模宏大、气魄雄伟、布局严谨、砌筑工整、风格独特,既体现了我国清代建筑的传统风格,又有所创意,是近代具有代表性的优秀建筑,具有珍贵的历史、文物价值。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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[ 本帖最后由 徐天奎 于 2009-10-2 22:41 编辑 ]
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